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NAMES OF THE PHRENOLOGICAL ORGANS* 

Referring to the Figures indicating their relative Positions. 



•Effective. 


In teller tuaM. 


I. PROPENSITIES. 


II. SENTIMENTS. 


I. TERCEPTIVE. 


II. REFLECTIVE. 


1 Amativeness 


10 Self-esteem 


•2-1 Individuality 


34 Comparison 


2 Philoprogenitive- 


11 Love of Approba- 


23 Form 


35 Causality 


ness 


tion 


24 Size 




3 Concentrativencss 


12 Cautiousness 


25 Weight 




4 Adhesiveness 


13 Benevolence 


26 Coloring 




5 Combativencss 


14 Veneration 


27 Locality 




6 1»| -tructiveness 


if) Firmness 


28 Number 




| Alimentiveness 


16 Conscientious- 


29 Order 




7 Secretiveness 


ness 


30 Eventuality 




8 Acquisitiveness 


17 Hopn 


HI Tinio 




9 Constructiveness 


IB Wonder 


32 Tune 






I'.i Ideality 


33 Languago 






? UiiiiKcertainod 








20 Wit or Mirthful- 








ness 








21 Imitiition 











AN 



-*-«. 



-t^ 



/<T,5 ^. 



INTRODUCTION 

TO 

PHRENOLOGY, 



IN THE FORM OF 



QUESTION AND ANSWER, 



AN APPENDIX, AND COPIOUS ILLUSTRATIVE NOTES. 



BY ROBERT MACJflSH, 

Author of the " Anatomy of Drunkenness," and "Philosophy of Sleep," and Member of 
the Faculty of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow. 




BOSTON: 

MARSH, CAPEN & LYON, 
1836. 



3 mo 



Entered, according- to Act of Congress, in the year 1836, 

BY MARSH, CAPEN AND LYON, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Massachusetts. 



jlf4/ 



ROBERT COX, Esq. 

©onserbatov of tf)e iHuseuw of ttje ^tenoloejfcal Society 

THIS WORK 
IS INSCRIBED, BY HIS FRIEND, 

THE AUTHOR, 



PREFACE. 



My first ideas of Phrenology were obtained from Dr Gall him- 
self, whose lectures 1 attended in Paris, during the year 1825. Be- 
fore that time, I, in common with almost all who are ignorant of 
the subject, spoke of it with great contempt, and took every op- 
portunity of turning it into ridicule. The discourses of this great 
man, and various private conversations which I had the honor of 
holding with him, produced a total change in my ideas, and con- 
vinced me, that the doctrines he taught, so far from deserving the 
absurd treatment which they then generally met with, were, in 
themselves, highly beautiful, as expositions of the human mind 
in its various phases, and every way worthy of attention. Much 
reflection, and many appeals to nature, since that period, have sat- 
isfied me of their perfect truth. 

Some men of great talent have attacked Phrenology, but their 
weapons, being directed against impregnable truths, have invaria- 
bly been shattered in the contest. Dr Gordon assailed the science 
with much acrimony in the Edinburgh Review, and was signally 
confuted by Dr Spurzheim. Mr Jeffrey, with greater wit, and in a 
more generous spirit, repeated the assault in the same able work, 
only to meet with a confutation equally conclusive from the pen 
Mr Combe. No one can read the attack and the defence in either 
case, without being perfectly satisfied on which side the superior- 
ity lay; and the same has been the case on every occasion, where 
Phrenologists and their opponents have met in battle. Victory 



has invariably befriended the former, not merely because they 
fought better, but because their cause was the best. 

Great progress has been made by Phrenology within the last 
ten years, especially in France, Great Britain, and the United 
States. It has met with considerable success in Sweden and Den- 
mark, and is now beginning to force its way into Italy. The late 
Professor Uccelli, of Florence, was a phrenologist. For this heinous 
crime, he lost his chair in the University of that eity, and was 
persecuted with all the blind malice of bigotry and intolerance. 
One of the best Phrenologists in the North, is Dr Otto, of Copen- 
hagen. Berzelius, of Stockholm, the most illustrious of living 
chemists, has become a convert to the science ; and Andral, Brous- 
sais, Cloquet, and Vimont, four of the greatest medical characters 
in the French capital, have done the same. The conversion of the 
latter of these eminent men is curious, and forms a memorable fact 
in the history of Phrenology. Having attended Gall, he thought 
he could easily refute his doctrines 5 and, for this purpose, made a 
vast collection of specimens, chiefly of skulls of the lower animals; 
but the very evidence he was thus accumulating for the overthrow 
of the science, had entirely the opposite effect. It satisfied him of 
its truth, and led to the publication of his magnificent work on 
" Human and Comparative Phrenology." A Phrenological Soci- 
ety, numbering among its members many of the ablest scientific 
and literary men in Paris, has for some time been in existence. By 
this body, a Journal, exclusively devoted to the subject, and con- 
taining many admirable papers, is regularly published. Great zeal 
for Phrenology exists in the United States. Dr Caldwell, of Lex- 
ington, has written with uncommon talent upon the science, and a 
valuable work, entitled " Annals of Phrenology," is issued peri- 
odically at Boston. In that city, a phrenological library is in the 
course of publication, consisting of reprints of all the best works 
which have appeared upon the subject, embodying also a transla- 
tion, in six octavo volumes, of Dr Gall's unrivalled work, Sur les 
functions du Cervcau. The progress which Phrenology has made, 



IX 

•and is making in Great Britain, is too obvious to require demon- 
stration. Mr Lawrence, one of the first surgeons and physiologists 
in this country, is favorably to the doctrines. In London, they 
have been supported with great power of reasoning by Dr Elliot- 
son ; and such able physicians as Macintosh, of Edinburgh, and Bar- 
low, of Bath, have not hesitated openly and unscrupulously to 
adopt them. In Germany, the science has prospered less than al- 
most any where else, thus verifying the old adage, that " prophets 
are never esteemed in their own country." Even there, however, 
it can boast of the great name of Blumenbach, who, contrary to 
the general understanding upon the subject, is known to favor its 
pretensions.* 

As people get acquainted with this science, and the vast number 
of important points on which it bears, the opposition which it has 
hitherto encountered will gradually cease. This consummation is 
fast taking place, even already. Converts are daily making to its 
ranks, and those who still stand aloof, are beginning to speak ot 
it with some degree of respect. The efforts of the press against 
the science, will, for a time, continue to check its onward march, 
but these also must give way before increasing knowledge. In 
the mean time, the public prints abound with ingenious inven- 
tions, to its prejudice Every notorious criminal who is exe- 
cuted, is found to possess a splendid phrenological development, 
and so forth. Lacenaire, the assassin of sixteen individuals, we 
are gravely told, had a head such as Gall would have assigned to 
a mild, benevolent, and religious character; and Fieschi, it is pre- 
tended, was remarkably deficient in the organs of Firmness and 
Destructiveness. All such stories are idle inventions, without a 
particle of truth, but they serve the intended purpose of imposing 
upon the unwary, and exciting a hostile feeling towards Phren- 
ology. 

# 3ee Phrenologieal Journal, vol. viii. p. 531. 



In whatever way we view this science, its tendency is excellent. 
It is eminently useful to the medical practitioner, by turning his 
attention forcibly to the state of the brain and the whole nervous 
system, in a state of health and disease — to those who have the 
charge of lunatics and criminals— to those concerned in the ad- 
ministration of justice — to parents, in the intellectual, moral, and 
physical management of their children, and, in short, to every class 
of society. Grievous errors in education, in the treatment of 
malefactors, and in what are called mental diseases, are constantly 
committed, from ignorance of the light thrown by it on those im- 
portant subjects. A science which is able to accomplish all this, 
cannot be a trivial one; and Time, the great arbiter, will yet ren- 
der it ample justice, when every thing which has been said and 
written against it is utterly forgotten. 

In the present little work I have endeavored to exhibit all the 
leading features of Phrenology in a popular light. The reader will 
perhaps learn so much from it as to make him wish for a more ex- 
tensive acquaintance with the subject. If such should be the case, 
I shall not consider the labor bestowed upon these pages thrown 
away. The form of question and answer has been adopted 
as well suited for a short sketch of a debateable subject, like 
the present. It has enabled me to bring forward the objections to 
the science in the way in which they are usually stated, and to 
meet them with suitable replies, R. M. 

18th March, 1836. 



CLASSIFICATION OF THE FACULTIES*. 



ORDER L— FEELINGS, OR AFFECTIVE FACULTIES. 

Genus I. — Propensities. 

1 Amativeness. f Alimentiveness. 

2 Philoprogenitiveness. Love of Life. 

3 Concentrativeness. 7 Secretiveness. 

4 Adhesiveness. 8 Acquisitiveness. 

5 Combativeness. 9 Constructiveness. 

6 Destructiveness. 



Genus II. — Sentiments. 
Species 1. — Inferior Sentiments. 

10 Self-Esteem. 12 Cautiousness. 

11 Love of Approbation, 



Species 2. — Superior Sentiments. 

13 Benevolence. 18 Wonder. 

14 Veneration. 19 Ideality. 

15 Firmness. 20 Wit. 

16 Conscientiousness. 21 Imitation. 

17 Hope. 

* The classification of the faculties by Spurzheim, will be found in another 
part of this work.— Am. Editor. 



Xll 



ORDER II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES- 



Genus I. — The External Senses. 

Feeling'. Sight. 

Taste. Sense of Mechanical 

Smell. Resistance, {conjectural.) 

Hearing. 



Genus II. — The Perceptive, or Knowing Faculties. 

Species 2. — Intellectual Faculties which take cognizance of the 
existence of external objects, and their physical qualities. 

22 Individuality. 25 Weight. 

23 Form. 26 Coloring. 

24 Size. 



Species 2. — Intellectual Faculties which take cognizance of the 
relations of external objects. 

27 Locality. 31 Time. 

28 Number. 32 Tune. 

29 Order. 33 Language. 

30 Eventuality. 



Genus III. — Reflective Faculties. 
34 Comparison. 35 Causality, 



PRINCIPLES 



PHRENOLOGY 



What is the material organ of the mind ? 

The brain. 

Do you mean to say that the brain and the mind are 
identical ? 

No. I merely affirm that the brain is the instrument by 
which the mind is manifested. The mind requires a ma- 
terial apparatus to work with ; the brain is this apparatus. 
The brain itself is not alleged by phrenologists to be mind, 
any more than a musical instrument is music, the tongue 
taste, or the ears hearing. When the strings of a harp or 
violin are touched in a particular manner, we have music; 
when the brain is in certain states we have displays of the 
mental faculties. Of the mind as a separate entity, we can 
know nothing whatever ; and we must judge of it in the 
only way in which it comes under our cognizance. 1 

1 "The minrl sees through the medium of the eye, just as it thinks or feels 
through the medium of the hraiu ; and ns changes in the condition of the eye de- 
teriorate or destroy the power of vision, without any affection of the principle of 
mind, the ohvious inference follows, that, in like manner, many changes in the 
condition of the brain destroy the power of fooling or of thinking, and yet the 
mind itself, or soul, remain essentially the "same." — Dr Combe on Mental De- 
rangement. 



2 

Jl^iat reason is there to infer that the mind is manifest- 
ed through the medium of the brain 1 

We have undoubted evidence of this in the following 
and many similar facts. When a person receives a violent 
blow on the head ; when blood or any other fluid presses 
upon the brain : or when a portion of the skull is beaten 
in, insensibility is a frequent, or rather a general occur- 
rence. A dose of opium, by acting on the brain, suspends 
the operation of mind ; in like manner, when the brain is 
inflamed, the mental operations are disturbed. Did the 
mind act independently of the brain, no physical injury or 
irritation of the latter should have any effect upon the fac- 
ulties; whereas, we find that the reverse is the case. In- 
sanity, in fact, is nothing but a disease of the brain, induc- 
ing false mental manifestations. Finally, when the brain 
is extremely small, idiocy is the invariable result. 

Docs the mind consist of one faculty, or of several 1 

Undoubtedly of many. We have the passions of fear, 
love, attachment, pugnacity, &lc. ; the sentiments of be- 
nevolence, veneration, justice, &ic. ; besides a variety of 
other qualities, such as the powers of music, calculation, 
causation, and many others. All these powers, suscepti- 
bilities and emotions of the mind are called faculties ; each 
is distinct, and possessed by different individuals in differ- 
ent degrees. 

Seeing that the mental faculties are so varied, how can 
a single viscus like the brain serve fo manifest the whole of 
tin m ? Other viscera, such as the stomach, liver, and 
kidneys, perl arm only one function ; but here, in opposi- 
tion to what prevails elsewhere in the animal economy, one 
part seems in perform a multiplicity of functions. 

The brain is no exception to the general rule. There 
is irresistible evidence to demonstrate that it is not a single 
organ, but in reality a congeries of organs ; so intimately 



blended, however, as to appear one. Each of these is the 
seat of a particular mental faculty, so that, as the whole 
mind acts through the medium of the whole brain, so does 
each faculty of the mind act through the medium of a cer- 
tain portion of the brain. Thus, there is a part of the brain 
appropriated for the faculty of Tune, another for that of 
Imitation, and so on through the whole series. 

What reason is therefor supposing the existence of such 
divisions of the brain, and such appropriations of the men- 
tal faculties to these divisions 1 

The reasons are numerous. Were the brain a single 
organ, of which every part was employed in the manifesta- 
tion of all the mental faculties, there could be no such 
thing as partial madness ; if a portion of the brain were 
diseased, the whole mind should suffer; whereas, we of- 
ten find that one faculty is insane, while all the others are 
perfectly sound. Dreaming, likewise, is inconsistent with 
the supposition that the brain is a single organ. If it were 
so, we should be either completely awake or completely 
asleep ; whereas, in dreams, one or more faculties are in 
operation while the rest continue in perfect repose. The 
perversion in madness, and the wakefulness in dreaming, 
of certain faculties, can be explained only by supposing 
that each of these faculties has a separate locality in the 
brain. It is only on the same principle that partial genius, 
and partial idiocy can be accounted for. 

These are certainly strong proofs, hut are there no oth- 
ers of a more direct and tangible description ? 

Many such. It is sufficient to mention that, if in a 
healthy brain, any particular portion is very much devel- 
oped, the individual will be found to possess a more than 
usual energy in some particular faculty. Take, for in- 
stance, two heads, as nearly as possible alike in their gen- 
eral configuration, but differing strongly in shape at a cer- 



tain point ; the persons to whom they belong will be found 
to resemble each other in disposition, except in so far as 
the faculties connected with the organ or organs which lie 
at that point are concerned : here their characters will dif- 
fer most materially. 

What is the science called which teaches this correspond- 
ence between the formation of the brain, and constitution 
of the mind ? 

It is denominated Phrenology; the merit of discover* 
ing which, and reducing it into a system, is due to the cel- 
ebrated Dr Gall, of Vienna. Dr Spurzheim, his disciple 
and associate, has also done much to extend and improve 
the science, which has been still farther advanced by the 
labors of Mr Combe, and other ingenious men in this 
country and on the continent. 

What were the circumstances which led Dr Gall to the 
discovery ? 

They were partly accidental, and partly owing to the 
intuitive sagacity and excellent powers of observation pos- 
sessed by that remarkable man. While a mere boy at 
school, he remarked that such of his fellow-pupils as had 
prominent eyes were those with whom, on matters of schol- 
arship, he had the greatest difficulty in competing. He 
might surpass them in original composition, but in exer- 
cises of verbal memory they left him far behind, and were 
invariably the best scholars. On leaving school and go- 
ing to the University, he observed the same rule to hold 
good. The o.i-ii/kI students, as they were called, always 
bore away the palm whenever the acquisition of languages 
was concerned. This fact struck him forcibly, but for a 
long tunc he knew not what to make of it. Some time 
afterwards, he had occasion to remark that one of his 
acquaintances, with whom he used to ramble in the woods, 
never lost his way, which GaH himself frequently dicj. 



This young man had two very marked prominences on his 
forehead, just above the root of the nose, while with Gall 
there were no such protuberances. On extending his ob- 
servations, he found that persons so characterized acquir- 
ed with great ease a knowledge of localities — that they 
found their way almost intuitively, as it were, in any route, 
however complex, if they had been there once before ; and 
that those who wanted the marks in question had great dif- 
ficulty in so doing. After reflecting deeply, he came to 
the conclusion that these differences might depend upon 
the size of particular parts of the brain. This happy idea 
having once suggested itself, he followed it up with ad- 
mirable skill and indefatigable perseverance, and at last as- 
certained distinctly, that the strength of the mental facul- 
ties is, cceteris paribus, in proportion to the size of those 
compartments of the brain by which they are manifested. 

Di> you mean to affirm, that if one man has a certain 
organ larger than it is in another, he will possess the fac- 
ulty belonging to that organ in greater vigor ? 

Most certainly ; — supposing the brains of both to be 
equally healthy, their temperaments the same, and the cir- 
cumstances in which they have been placed, equally favor- 
able for the excitement and cultivation of the particular 
faculty. It is obviously as impossible for a person with a 
great deficiency of the organs, of what phrenologists call 
the moral sentiments, such as Benevolence and Conscien- 
tiousness, to be a virtuous character, as it is for the brain 
of an idiot to display the splendid intellect of a Milton or a 
Cuvier. This is not a mere assertion, but is borne out by 
the evidence of thousands of facts, which are open to 
any one who chooses to investigate the subject. 

A large brain, therefore, will, cseteris paribus, be supe- 
rior in power to a smaller one ? 

Facts place this beyond a doubt. A large-brained per- 
1* 



son acquires a natural ascendancy over another, whose cere- 
bral system is smaller. A nation of small-brained people 
is easily conquered, and held in subjection ; witness the 
facility with which the small-headed Hindoos were subju- 
gated, and the extreme difficulty experienced in overcom- 
ing the Caribs, whose brains were large and active. The 
large size of the Scotch brain was probably one of the 
causes which render the permanent subjugation of Scot- 
land by the English impossible. 

What is the average weight of the brain ? 

The brain, at birth, weighs about ten ounces. The 
weight of the male adult brain is generally about three 
pounds and a half, apothecaries' weight ; 2 that of the fe- 
male from three to four ounces less, according to Virey. 
Farther observations, however, are necessary, to ascertain 
the average difference in this respect between the sexes, 
although the fact is undeniable, that, generally speaking, 
the female brain is the smaller of the two. 

What follows when an organ is remarkably small? 

Extreme feebleness of the faculty which is connected 
with it. 

Will the exercise of an organ increase its size ? 

It is so conjectured ; but a sufficiently large body of facts 
appear still wanting to set the matter completely at rest. 
If we work an organ vigorously, especially during youth, 
it is not unreasonable to suppose, that its bulk may be 
thereby augmented ; the analogy of the muscles favors 
such a conjecture. At all events, it is certain, that the 



2 Dr Elliotson presented to the London Phrenological Society, the CI of the 
head of a male idiot, aged eighteen years, which measured only sixteen inches in 
circumference, and seven inches and threo quarters from ear to car, over tho ver- 
tex. The cerebrum weighed but one pound leven ami a half ounces, and the 
cerebellum but four ounces. Compare this with Byron's brain, which weighed 
four pounds and a half, or with Cnvier's, wllOM weight was four pounds thirteen 

ounces and a half, in ascertaining the weight of the brain, wc previously remove 
its lining rnembrune, the dura mater. 



energy and activity of the organ will be greatly increased. 
Ages of civilization, in any country, will, very probably, 
improve the form and quality of the national brain, by 
the continued action which this state of society confers on 
the moral and intellectual organs, and the comparative in- 
activity in which it keeps the lower propensities. 3 

May an organ be well developed, and yet not manifest 
its faculty with any degree of power? 

This may occasionally happen in consequence of a gen- 
eral, or partial want of energy in the brain. It is most 
likely to occur in lymphatic temperaments, where the cere- 
bral circulation is carried on with little vigor. Some- 
times a single organ becomes apathetic, while the rest are 
healthy. Isolated cases of this description form no objec- 
tion to phrenology, but rather prove its truth, in so far as 
they demonstrate, that vigorous results cannot be expected 
from unhealthy organs. 

Can the natural dispositions and talents of an individ- 
ual be inferred by examination of his brain ? 

They can be predicted with great accuracy after such 
an examination, but it is necessary to take different cir- 
cumstances into view, such as temperament, education, 
and example, as they modify, to a considerable extent, the 
character. A phrenologist, knowing these modifying 
causes, can speak with great precision after examining the 
brain. 



3 In the article " Hydrocephale," in the twenty-second volume of the "Diction- 
naire des Sciences Medicales," it is stated, that the heads of great thinkers fre- 
quently increase till fifty years of age. According to Itard, the head of Napoleon, 
which acquired an enormous development, was small in youth. The fnct seems 
pretty well established, lhat if the bruin is not exercised, it may actually dimin- 
ish in bulk. In long protracted madness, the brain seems often to diminish, es- 
pecially in the intellectual regions. Such was probably the case with Dean 
Swift, who, for some years before death, was in an imbecile state of mind. Es- 
quirol mentions the case of an insane female, whose forehead, on her admission 
into the hospital, was so large that ho had a drawing mad of it, but afterwards 
it became small and narrow. 



8 

Can actions be inferred? 

No. These depend much on the circumstances in 
which the person is placed. A phrenologist, examining 
the head of Hare, would infer, that his mind was of a low 
and grovelling description, that its tendency was towards 
cruelty and contention, and that his pleasures were all of 
a base kind ; but he could not infer that he would neces- 
sarily commit murder. Hare became a murderer by the 
force of circumstances. He lived many years without 
committing murder; and when he did so, it was to obtain 
money to gratify his grovelling desires. Could he have 
procured money without murder, it is not at all likely that 
he would have been guilty of the crime. Men always act 
from the strongest motives. The motives which induced 
Hare to murder, were, unhappily, stronger than the re- 
straining ones, and, therefore, he murdered. 

Wherein consists the abuse of a faculty ? 

A faculty is said to be abused when it acts in a degree 
too intense, or towards an improper object ; also when it is 
called into activity at an improper time, or in an improp- 
er place. 

In predicating character, is it absolutely necessary to 
examine the brain 1 

No. Inferences may, in general, be drawn with great 
accuracy, during life, by examining the external surface 
of the head. 

Docs not the skull afford an obstacle to obtaining a cor- 
net idea of the shape of the brain ? 

This happens only in rare cases, and almost always at 
isolated points ; the whole skull is seldom affected. In a 
vast majority of cases, the cranium gives as accurate a rep- 
resent;)! ion of th<; shape of the brain, as the rind of an 
orange gives of the orange itself. In old age, however, 
and when the brain is diseased, the skull frequently be- 
comes very thick, occasionally very thin, and at other 



times of very unequal thickness. In such cases, the form 
of the brain cannot be accurately ascertained during life. 

Is the skull formed btfore or after the hrain ? 

The brain is formed first, and gives shape to the skull, 
which is moulded over it. 4 

At what period does the brain attain its full size ? 

Great differences of opinion exist with regard to this 
point. According to phrenological writers, the brain does 
not attain its full size till between the twentieth and thir- 
tieth year; while, according to Sir William Hamilton and 
the Wenzels, it arrives at its utmost magnitude at the age 
of seven. In such a conflict of totally different opinions, 
we must regard the point as undecided, although it seems 
incredible, that the brains of children of seven, are equal 
in size to those of full, grown men. 

After attaining its fulhsize, does the brain ever dimin- 
ish ? 

It does so in very old age ; at which time the cranium, 
as already noticed, becomes frequently thicker, its inner 
layer retreating inwards, and either being followed by 
the outer layer, or leaving a considerable thickness of 
spongy diploe between them. 

4 The reader should make himself acquainted with the genera] anatomy of the 
skull, otherwise he will he at a loss to understand the references occasionally made 
to its particular parts. The bones of the skull-cap (that cavity which contains 
the brain] are as follows : — 1. The frontal bone, which forms the upper and fore 
part of the head. 2. The occipital bone, which forms the lower and back part. 
3. The two parietal hones', which lie between the frontal and occipital, find form 
the sides and top of I he head. 4. The two temporal bones, which lie in the tem- 
ples, and form the lower parts of the sides of the skull. 5. The ethmoid bone, 
which lies in the base of theskul!, immediately over and behind the nose. 6. The 
sphenoid bone, which lies between the ethmoid and occipital hones, and supports 
the centre of the brain. These bones are united by seams or sutures. The coro- 
nal suture runs between the frontal and parietal bones ; the lambdoidal suture be- 
tween the parietal and the occipital, anil the saggittal sutures between the two 
parietals. along the centre of the head, stretching from the coronal to the lambdoi- 
dal suture. The temporal sutures join the temporal bones to the parietal, occipi- 
tal, and frontal bones. The sphenoidal and ethmoidal sutures connect these two 
bones to each other, and to the rest. 



10 

Is the substance of the brain of the same consistence at 
every period of life ? 

No. The infant brain is soft : as we grow older it be- 
comes more consistent, and in old age acquires still great- 
er firmness. 

Docs phrenology apply solely to the human race ? 

It does not. The character of a dog is as much influ- 
enced by the form of its brain as that of a man. 

You have stated that a large brain, other circumstan- 
ces being alike, communicates greater mental power than a 
small one. How do you reconcile this assertion with the 
fact, that the brain of the sparrow is greatly less than that 
of the vulture, an animal decidedly inferior to the sparrow 
in point of sagacity ? 

I answer this by stating that the circumstances in the 
two cases are by no means alike ; and that we must com- 
pare the brains of animals of the same species before we 
can arrive at a proper knowledge of the effects of size. A 
large-brained vulture will manifest greater energy than a 
small-brained one, and so with the sparrow. It is evident 
that, in contrasting such different animals, circumstances 
are not the same ; the organization or constitution of the 
sparrow's brain being different from that of the vulture's, 
and the intellectual organs relatively larger. Compare 
sparrows with sparrows, vultures with vultures, etc., and 
the phrenological maxim of size being, ccctcris paribus, 
the index of power will be made perfectly manifest. These 
remarks apply to the muscular system as well as to the 
brain — the bodily strength of sonic animals being much 
greater, in proportion to the size of their muscles than that 
of others of a different species. The flea, for example, as 
Haller has remarked, can draw from seventy to eighty 
times its own weight, whereas a horse cannot draw with 
ease more than three times its own weight. But of two 



11 

fleas, that which has the larger muscles will have the great- 
er strength. Again, some birds with small eyes have vis- 
ion keener than birds of a different species with larger 
eyes. In every case, therefore, individuals of the same 
species must be compared. 

Is the strength of the mental faculties proportioned to 
the size of the brain, as compared with that of the body ? 

This, in a general sense, holds good, but there are so 
many exceptions to the rule, that we can ground nothing 
upon it. 5 

Have all nations the same form of brain? 

No. This varies considerably in different countries. 
The African brain differs in shape from the European, and 
so does the Carib and Esquimaux. Even in Europe, the 
same form of brain does not prevail rigidly ; the German 
brain, for instance, is rounder and less elongated than the 
French. 

The character of individuals, and even of nations, often 
appears to change. Is not this inconsistent with the phre- 
nological doctrines ? 

It is not. Circumstances, by calling into activity organs 
which have been little exercised, or repressing the activity 
of others that have been worked a great deal, may produce 
a change in the energy of their respective functions. 

Can the dispositions of the lower animals be inferred 
from the form of their brain ? 

They can. Cruel, ferocious animals, such as the tiger, 

5 " The brain of a crocodile," says Spurzheim, " twelve feet long, of a serpent 
of eighteen, or of a turtle, which weighs some hundred pounds, does not exceed sev- 
eral drachms in weight ; the great vulture of the Alps has little more brain than a 
crow, the turkey scarcely so much as a parrot ; from which facts it has been 
concluded that the manifestations of the mental faculties are pretty nearly pro- 
portioned to the size of the brain, as compared to that of the body. But it is de- 
monstrated by Wrisberg, Soemmering, Rlumenbach, Cuvier, and others, that the 
sparrow, the canary, the linnet, the chaffinch, the redbreast, and many apes, had, 
relatively to the size of their bodies, more brain than man." 



12 

and the hyena, have a particular form of brain very different 
from that possessed by gentle, timid creatures, as the 
fawn and the antelope. The brain of the hawk or vulture 
differs in shape from that of the dove. Birds which sing 
have a differently formed brain from those which do not. 6 

Wliat organs we we disposed to exercise most ? 

Those which are largest. Little gratification is experi- 
enced in the exercise of the weaker faculties : thus a man, 
who is not all combative, would feel exceedingly annoyed 
at the idea of being obliged to fight; while another, with 
an opposite configuration of brain, would feel delight in 
having an opportunity of indulging his favorite propensity. 
Nor is this law confined to the cerebral organs ; a man of 
great muscular power is fond of hard exeicise ; another of 
little physical energy dislikes it, and is partial to rest. 

Are the habitual attitude and expression affected by the 
predominating organs ? 

They generally are. It is seldom difficult to detect by 
his air and carriage when a man is proud, vain, bold, crafty 
or timid. These indications are called natural language 
or pathognomy. 

Of how many organs does the brain consist ? 

It must consist of as many as there are mental faculties. 
At present, phrenologists admit about thirty as distinctly 
established ; others they speak of as conjectural; but these 
are not to be regarded as constituting the whole series. 
Probably about the base of the brain there exist organs 
whose functions arc yet to be discovered. 

Are flic organs single or double ? 

As the brain is double, so is every organ; each has its 
fellow on the opposite side. There are thus, strictly speak- 

f> In many aiiiiimls, however, m\ can draw no inference by looking at the Iiend 
morely. In the full grown elephant, for instance, an immense cavity or sinus in- 
tervenes betwixl the brain and the outer table cf the skull. 



13 

ing, about sixty organs ascertained ; but as an organ on 
one side cooperates with its fellow on the other, it is cus- 
tomary to speak of the two as one, seeing that they mani- 
fest only a single mental quality. 7 

May the brain be wounded or diseased on one side, and 
yet none of its faculties be suspended ? Supposing, for 
instance, that the organ of Tune is injured on one side, 
does the person inevitably lose all love for, and appreciation 
of, music ? 

Not necessarily ; for, the sense of music residing in both 
organs, the one which is unimpaired will retain its faculty 
as usual ; and the same law holds with regard to all the 
other organs, just as a person can see although he has lost 
one of his eyes. Injury, however, of one side of the brain 
generally affects the other sympathetically ; although the 
fact that it sometimes does not, and that the faculties go 
on little impaired, is a sufficient proof, both that there is a 
plurality of organs, and that the organs are double. 8 

7 The brain is divided into two hemispheres, in both of which there is an organ 
of each faculty. These are not always of the same size. Generally speaking, 
one ear hears better than the other, and one eye is more open, and sees better than 
the other. Some children are right-handed, while others have naturally more 
strength in the left, although the habit of being taught to use the right principally, 
often reverses the intention of nature- When people remain left-handed in spite of 
education," the original difference must have been greatly in favor of the left. The 
same rule holds true with the other faculties ; a person may think more with one 
half of the brain than with the other,— Jim. Editor. 

8 Careless observers often bring it as an argument against phrenology, that in 
cases of diseased brain, the mind is not at all affected, when some of its functions 
are in reality, materially disordered. They perceive that the person, in common 
matters, acts perfectly well ; that he answers questions intelligibly and soon j 
whereas, if they were to investigate the matter more fully, and task the different 
organs severely, they would perceive in the manifestations of some of them a con- 
siderable falling off. The above argument, supposing it to be true, would only go 
to prove that the mind has no connfcction with the brain •, a proposition so absurd 
that no sane intellect can now for a moment entertain it; but why should the ar- 
gument bear more against phrenology, which teaches that each faculty of the mind 
is manifested by a particular part of the brain, than against the opposite doctrine 
that the whole brain is concerned in the manifestation of each faculty ? We may 
as well expect perfect digestion from a diseased stomach, as perfect mind from a 
diseased brain. 

2 



14 

Are we always to expect a 'prominence or bump when a 
particular organ is large ? 

No. If several adjoining organs are all large, none of 
them will, probably, present any particular projection ; there 
will be merely a general fulness in the locality occupied by 
them. It is only when an organ decidedly predominates 
over those in its immediate vicinity, that a protuberance is 
to be looked for. 

Does Phrenology admit of exceptions 1 

It does not. A single exception would entirely over- 
throw whatever part of the phrenological doctrine it should 
be at variance with. When an apparent exception does 
occur, it must be attributed to ignorance on the part of the 
observer, or to a want of health in the brain. Taking 
mankind in the mass, a skilful phrenologist will infer char- 
acter with great accuracy, in nineteen cases out of twenty. 
It is not pretended, however, that practical phrenology has 
yet attained to perfection. 9 

How are the faculties classified ? 

The faculties are divided into two orders. The Feel- 
ings or Affective Faculties, and the Intellect. These 
again, are divided into genera— the Feelings into the 

1) Tho reputation of phrenology has been often endangered by the abortive at- 
tempts of ignorant pretenders to infer character from examination of the head. 
Before this can bo done properly, not only much experience, but u good share of 
tact and analytical talent are necessary. There are two risks to he encountered " 
that of cstimatingerroneously the si/.e of the different organs, and that of drawing 
faulty conclusions from the estimate, even supposing it to he true. Hpurzhcim 
was strongly opposed to the practice now so much in vogue, o£ indiscriminately in- 
ferring character from examination of the head. Where t he character is a marked 
ono, the science may be benefited by observing how far the talents and disposition 

cor res p tnd with the form of brain, possessed by the individual ; but how seldom 

is it that we meet with marked characters! These observations are the more ne- 
cessary, as there a n: a set of phrenological quacks, who, on all occasions, under- 
take to tell the character of any person, however commonplace, ^omo make a 
a rogular trade of it, and have a fixed chargo ; thus degrading tho science into a 
picco of contemptible legerdemain. 



15 

Propensities and Sentiments, and the Intellect into the 
Perceptive and Reflective Faculties. This arrangement 
is not unobjectionable, but in the present state of our know- 
ledge, a perfectly accurate classification of the faculties 
cannot be attained. 



16 



ORDER I.— FEELINGS OR AFFECTIVE 
FACULTIES. 

What are the feelings, or affective faculties 1 

They may be described simply as those faculties which 

give rise to affections or emotions, and which neither know 

nor reason. 

GENUS I.— PROPENSITIES. 

What is a propensity 1 

The term Propensity , is applied by Dr Spurzheim, to 
those affective faculties which produce only desires or in- 
clinations, and which likewise prompt to certain corres- 
ponding modes of action. The classification of the facul- 
ties, however, is not altogether in accordance with this 
definition. 

1. Amativeness. 

Where is the organ of Amativeness, or sexual love, sit- 
uated, and what is its function ? 

The cerebellum, or little brain, which lies in the lower 
and posterior portion of the skull, immediately under the 
cerebrum, or brain proper, and behind the top of the 
spinal marrow, is the seat of this propensity. The con- 
tinuance of the species is the great end served by Ama- 
tiveness. 10 

What external indications arc presented when the organ 
is very large ? 

There is much fulness at the back and lower part of the 

10 The effect of diseased cerebellum in calling this faculty into vehement ac- 
tlon, sufficiently proven tliat ii lias its localily in this particular part of the brain. 
The circamitancei which led I)r Gall t<> the discovery of the organ aro curious, 
mid arc fully detailed in his own great work, and in tho writings of Dr Spurzheim, 



17 

head, an unusual distance between the mastoid processes, 11 
and great thickness of the neck. It is a common remark 
that thick-necked people are amorous. 

Is the organ larger in men than in the other sex ? 

It is generally larger in men. Women in whom it is 
large are, cmteris paribus, more easily seduced than those 
with a small development : it is generally very large in 
those unfortunate females who walk the streets, and gain 
a livelihood by prostitution. 

In what state is the organ in children ? 

Very small ; not only absolutely but relatively. In new- 
born children the cerebellum is to the rest of the brain as 
1 to 13, 15, or 20. In adults it is as 1 to 6, 7, or 8. 

When does the organ attain its full size? 

In the male, between the ages of eighteen and twenty- 
six ; in the female a little earlier. Young lads are indif- 
ferent about female society, and young girls about that of 
men. As the organ in question, however, enlarges, a 
change is produced in the feelings of the sexes, and they 
become fond of associating with each other. 

Is there any thing particular in the action of this organ 
as respects the inferior animals ? 

There is. In most of them it is periodically excited ; 
being at other times in a great measure inactive. 

2. Philoprogenitiveness. 

Describe the locality of this organ. 

It lies immediately above Amativeness, and when large, 
gives a drooping appearance to the back of the head, which 
projects much, and hangs, as it were, over the neck. 

Wliat is meant by Philoprogenitiveness ? 

Love of young. Its tendency is to bestow an ardent 
attachment to offspring, and children in general ; and, 

11 Those hard prominences immediately behind, and at the root of the ear. 

2* 



18 

according to some phrenologists, to weak and tender 
animals. 

In which sex is it largest ? 

In the female ; and this law extends to the lower ani- 
mals as well as to our own race. Boys exhibit little of it; 
the case is different with little girls, who show its activity 
in their fondness for dolls, and in their desire to carry chil- 
dren in their arms, even when they can scarcely stand un- 
der their weight. Mary Wolstoncroft denies that girls 
have, by nature, a greater fondness for dolls than boys, as- 
cribing the difference to education ; but she is clearly mis- 
taken, in so far as the organ on which the love of young 
depends is decidedly larger in the female head than in the 
male. The fondness of unmarried women, or married wo- 
men who are childless, for cats and lap-dogs, probably de- 
pends upon this organ. 

In which of the lower animals is it peculiarly large ? 

In the monkey tribe, whose affection for their young is 
quite remarkable. It was the size of the organ in these 
creatures, coupled with their love of offspring, that led 
Dr Gall to suspect the faculty connected with this portion 
of the brain. 

Do all animals display love of offspring 1 

No. The cuckoo (both male and female) abandons its 
offspring, and leaves them to be brought up by other birds. 
Many male animals take no charge whatever of their 
young, while others do so conjointly with the females. 
Such is the case with the fox, the wolf, the roebuck, the 
rabbit, and various others. 

Does love of children not rather proceed from general 
benevolence ? 

No. For persons who have little of this virtue are often 
passionately fond of children, and others who have a great 
deal of benevolence, arc indifferent about them. The 



19 

most ferocious savages are often extremely affectionate to- 
wards their children. 

What is the result of a small development of the organ ? 

Indifference to children. It is a great evil when a 
mother is so constituted ; for however estimable she may 
otherwise be, she will find the rearing of her offspring a 
toil rather than a pleasure ; and. unless her conscientious- 
ness and prudence be great, she will be very apt to neg- 
lect them. No woman will make a good nurse unless 
well endowed with this organ. Women who commit in- 
fanticide have generally a small development of Philopro- 
genitiveness. 12 

What is the result of a great development 1 

An ardent love of children. The person delights to take 
them on his knee, to kiss them, to relate stories to them, to 
play with them, &c. Some of the sternest minds and great- 
est heroes have been distinguished for the strength of this 
feeling. Agesilaus, the warlike monarch of Sparta, used to 
ride on a stick to please his children. On one occasion, 
King Henry IV, of France, was seen galloping on all fours, 
one of his children on his back, and the other flogging 
him with a whip. The passion must have been very strong 

12 Dr Spurzheim has examined thirty-seven child-murderers, and in thirty 
of them the organ of Philoprogenitiveness was very small. "In women," 
says he, " as well as in the females of animals, this propensity has different 
degrees of energy. Certain cows do not suffer their calves to suck ; some pigs, 
cats, rahbits, &c. kill their young, while other females of the same kind of an- 
imals cry for several days, and refuse to eat, when they are bereft of their 
offspring. It is a lamentable truth that this difference of motherly love exists 
also in mankind. All women do not desire to become mothers ; some consid- 
er their pregnancy as the greatest misfortune. Several mothers seek various 
pretexts in order to remove their children out of the house. There are others 
who, being freed from shame, reproach, misery, and many inconvenienes, by 
the loss of their illegitimate children, yet shed tears for a longtime after at the 
remembrance of them. Others, on the contrary, see their legitimate offspring 
buried without a pang. Thus, it is beyond doubt that natural love of offspring 
is very weak in some women. It is, therefore, wrong to believe lhat infanti- 
cide is a more unnatural act than any other murder." — View of the Elementary 
Principles of Education, p. 319. 



20 

in these illustrious men. Children have an almost in- 
stinctive knowledge of persons in whom this organ is large, 
and come to them, as it were, intuitively. 

What are the abuses likely to result from too great a 
development of P hiloprogcnitiveness 1 

If the feeling be excessive, and not regulated by the in- 
fluence of other faculties, the children will be apt to get 
spoiled, and become pert, noisy, unmannerly, and self-will- 
ed. Philoprogentiveness sometimes becomes diseased, and 
then there is the most violent love of offspring, with over- 
whelming grief, often terminating in madness, at their loss. 

3. CONCENTRATIVENESS. 

Where is Concentrativeness situated? 

It lies immediately above Philoprogenitiveness, and be- 
low Self-Esteem. 

What is the purpose served by this organ 1 

It is believed by the Scotch phrenologists to be the seat 
of that power which enables us to direct the intellect con- 
tinually to a particular subject of thought. Persons with 
a large endowment are not apt to be distracted from what 
they are engaged in, by extraneous circumstances. 

When deficient, what is the consequence 1 

The individual is remarkable for great volatility of man- 
ner, and extreme difficulty in directing his mind for a 
length of time towards anyone subject. He is continually 
flying from topic to topic, and finds it almost impossible to 
pursue a continued train of investigation. Scatter-brain- 
ed, flighty people, arc all deficient in Concentrativeness. 

May good abilities co-exist with deficiency of this or- 
gan ? 

Most undoubtedly, but such a combination is to be re- 
gretted, as they are thus deprived of half their efficiency. 



21 

W7ien the energy of Concentrativeness is excessive, what 
is apt to be the result 1 

Absence of mind, or abstraction. 

Has Concentrativeness the same power over all the fac- 
ulties ? 

Probably not ; it appears to act more influentially on 
some than on others. I conceive, that the faculties con- 
cerned in reasoning and calculation, are, in an especial 
manner, governed by it ; hence, metaphysicians, mathe- 
maticians, &c, are peculiarly subject to mental absence. 

Are Phrenologists agreed on the function of this organ? 

No. Dr Spurzheim conceived it to be the source of 
attachment to particular places ; 13 hence, he called it In- 
habitiveness. With the views of the Scotch phrenologists 
he never coincided, and by both parties the subject is left 
for farther investigation. 

Mention a few authors whose writings are distinguished 
by Concentrativeness ? 

Campbell, Pope, and Byron, all display a vigorous con- 
centration of thought and style. In Scott, Coleridge, and 
Wilson, there is much less. We may infer, (supposing us 
to have properly localised this faculty) a great development 
of the organ of Concentrativeness in such men as Tacitus, 
Thucidydes, Reid, Locke, and Brown ; and less in Dugald 
Stewart and Beattie. Archimedes, Newton, and Adam 
Smith, must have possessed the faculty in vast energy. 

13 Amor Patrice was supposed by Dr Spurzheim to result from inhabitiveness, 
but I have never been able to see that one organ is necessary to give attachment 
to places, and another to give attachment to persons. The question has been often 
asked, Why are mountaineers more ardent patriots than the inhabitants of the 
plains? Supposing the fact to be true, we are not justified in inferring, that the 
former are patriots merely because they happen to be mountaineers, but because 
they are secluded, and have little opportunity of getting their views expanded into 
cosmopolitanism. The more the intellect is enlightened, the less vivid does that 
ardent attachment to one's natale solum, which often constitutes patriotism, be- 
come. Savages are the most attached to their native land. 



22 

4. Adhesiveness. 

Describe the situation and function of this organ. 

It lies at each side of, and rather above, Philoprogeni- 
tiveness, and is that portion of the brain with which the 
feeling of attachment is connected. 

Does this feeling appear at an early period, or is it, like 
some others, of later growth ? 

No feeling, save Destructiveness, is displayed more early 
than this ; it is exhibited even by the infant in the nurse's 
arms. 

When very strong, to what results docs it lead ? 

The individual so gifted, will be remarkable for the 
strength of his attachments; he will be the warmest of 
friends. 

Does this faculty constitute love? 

Not strictly speaking ; for love, in the legitimate sense 
of the word, is a compound of Amativeness and Adhesive- 
ness. Such is the love which the lover bears to his mis- 
tress, and the husband to his young wife. The attachment 
of a parent to his child, or of a brother to his sister, is not, 
in reality, love, but strong Adhesiveness powerfully aided, 
in the former case, by Philoprogenitiveness. 

Is this faculty most energetic in men or women? 

Generally in the latter; although in men there are not 
wanting instances of the most violent attachments, even 
towards their own sex. Such is represented to have been 
the case witli Py lades and Orestes, and with Damon and 
Pythias, whose attachment to each other (the result of ex- 
cessive Adhesiveness) defied even death itself. What 
beautiful pictures of friendship between men, have been 
drawn by Homer, by Virgil, and by the sacred writers, in 
the instances of Achilles and Patroclus, of Nisus and Eu- 
ryaluSj and of Jonathan and David ! 



23 

Can this faculty exist along with deficient Benevolence? 

Facts prove that it may. Robbers and murderers some- 
times display such wonderful attachment to each other, that 
even the rack has failed to extort from them the names of 
their accomplices in crime. Mary Maclnnes, who was ex- 
ecuted for murder, had a great development of this organ, 
and displayed its function with much energy on the scaffold. 

Is the faculty subject to abuse? 

Very frequently it is so. Young women and sometimes 
young men, are apt to form absurd and romantic attach- 
ments to each other ; which, however, being based upon an 
unnatural state of excitement in the organ of Adhesiveness, 
necessarily terminate so soon as the excitement ends ; and 
thus unless there are eminent moral qualities to ensure per- 
manence, the feeling is seldom of long duration. When a 
coldness once takes place, mutual antipathy often follows, 
and the quondam friends become bitter enemies. People 
laboring under the strong influence of this organ, are often 
incapable of perceiving any thing like blemish in their 
friends. They clothe them with the attributes of perfec- 
tion, and employ the most extravagant terms of praise when 
speaking of them to others. Clanship, when improperly 
directed, and attachment to worthless characters, are abuses 
of the faculty. 14 

14 I knew two gentlemen whose attachment to eacli other was so excessive, as 
to amount to a disease. When the one visited the other, they slept in the same hed, 
sat constantly alongside of each other at table, spoke in affectionate whispers, and 
were, in short, miserable when separated. The strength of their attachment was 
shown, by the uneasiness, amounting to jealousy, with which the one surveyed 
any thing approaching to attention and kindness, which the oiher might show to 
a third party. This violent excitement of Adhesiveness continued for some years, 
but gradually exhausted itself, or at ieast abated to something like a natural or 
healthy feeling. Such attachments are, however, much more common among 
females than among the other sex. On account of the energy of this feeling in 
women, seduction should be punished with great severity. 



24 

5. CoMBATIVENESS. 

Wliere is this organ situated ? 

Between the mastoid process, and the organs of Philo- 
progenitiveness and Adhesiveness. It corresponds to the 
inferior angle of the parietal bene, and lies immediately 
behind, and on a level with, the top of the ear. 

In what manner does the faculty manifest itself? 

In a love of opposition and strife. It gives boldness to 
the character. The combative man loves danger, meets it 
fearlessly, and triumphs over difficulties, which would over- 
whelm a person in whom the organ was feebly developed. 

Can you mention any class of men in whom the organ is 
large 1 

It is invariably large in great heroes, in determined 
prize-fighters, and in men any way remarkable for active 
courage. The gladiators of Rome, must have been largely 
endowed with it. It is remarkably prominent in the skulls 
of Robert Bruce and General Wurmsar, who were both 
pre-eminent for valor. It was very large in the head of 
the French general, Lamarque, whose courage was remark- 
able, and appears greatly developed in the likenesses of 
Duguesclin, another French warrior distinguished for his 
extraordinary valor. In the skull of Robert Burns it is 
very large, which accounts, in some measure, for his con- 
troversial propensities. The character of Balfour of Bur- 
ley, as delineated in "Old Mortality," is a remarkable 
instance of Combativeness, Destructiveness, and Firmness, 
all greatly developed. The same remark applies to the 
character of Charles the Bold, as displayed in " Quentin 
Durward." The history of Murat, and of Marshal Ney, 
" the bravest of the brave," presents, in great perfection, 
the picture of excessive Combativeness. Rompishness in 
women depends upon this organ. 



25 

Is a man with much Combativeness necessarily addicted 
to fighting, or other varieties of contention ? 

Such is the natural tendency of his mind, although, in 
common circumstances, he may, by means of other facul- 
ties, keep the one in question, sufficiently under restraint. 
If Destructiveness be moderate, and Benevolence large, 
some kind of harmless contention will be preferred. 

Are all nations equally endowed with this faculty ? 

No. The organ is small in the Hindoo and Peruvian 
heads, and exceedingly large in the Carib ; and the dispo- 
sitions of these nations are in perfect accordance with their 
respective developments — the two former being mild and 
unwarlike, the latter immoderately fond of fighting. 

What happens when the organ is too large, or not suffi- 
ciently controlled by others ? 

The consequences are lamentable. The individual is 
forever engaged in quarrels, and getting himself involved 
in difficulties, from his ungovernable love of contention. 

Wliat is the result ivhen the organ is very small ? 

In such a case, the person abhors strife and competition 
of every kind, and purposely avoids it. His temper may 
be warm, but he will seldom have courage to display it in 
the form of blows. The very reverse is the case with the 
combative man. Should Destructiveness also be full, he is 
very apt to strike on all occasions, if insulted. "A word 
and a blow" is his favorite maxim. He is a profound ad- 
mirer of the argumentum adhominem; his forte is the for- 
titer in re. 

Are the consequences of a large development of this 
organ as strongly marked in the lower animals as in the 
human race ? 

They are. The poodle, the pointer, and the spaniel have 
the organ small ; the bull dog and the mastiff, large ; and 
the dispositions of the animals correspond. 
3 



26 



6. Destructiveness. 

What quality results from this organ ? 

The tendency to destroy, and the passion for destruc- 
tion ; the propensity to inflict pain, uneasiness, and injury 
in general. 

What follows when the organ is very large, and not 
controlled by the influence of Benevolence 1 

The result is unmitigated cruelty. The person is fierce, 
passionate, revengeful and ferocious. 

When well regulated what is the result ? 

Warmth of feeling, irrascibility without cruelty, and a 
tendency to be severe, on proper occasions. 

How is the existence of a large Destructiveness known 1 

By a considerable and rounded fulness above the open- 
ing of the ear, and by width of the head at that part. 
Those whose heads are flat in this situation, and narrow 
above the ears, are never destructive. 

How was the organ first ascertained! 

Dr Gall first noticed it by observing the difference, at 
this particular situation, between the heads of carnivorous 15 
and graminivorous animals. In the former the quantity of 
brain in the region of Destructiveness is great : in the lat- 
ter the reverse. 

Does a large development communicate any particular 
character to the manner and expression of the individual ? 

Yes : destructive people have frequently a sharp spark- 
ling eye, a loud and often cutting voice, quickness of 
movement, and energy of character. When engaged in 
disputation they are apt to get fierce and animated, strik- 



15 All carnivorous animals are necessarily destructive. Some of them 
such as the wolf, the fox, the hear, and the lion, kill only to procure food ; oth- 
ers from a mere blind pleasure in killing, as is the case with the tiger the hy- 
ena, the polo-cat, the marten and the weasel. 



27 

ing the table as if to enforce their positions, and speaking 
in a loud and irritated manner. 16 

Mention the class of persons in whom a large develop- 
ment may be expected ? 

Distinguished warriors, duellists, sportsmen, and boxers, 
and severe and sarcastic polemics must be well endowed 
with the organ ; so must surgeons, who are passionately 
fond of operations, and men who, from choice, follow the 
trade of a butcher. In such men as Knox and Luther, it, 
in combination with Combativeness, must have been large. 
It was very large in the head of Robert Bruce. To satire 
it gives edge, and may be looked for in such writers as 
Pope, Burns, Byron, Swift, and Smollet. In the heads of 
the murderers, Hare, Burke, and Bellingham, it was large 
and must have been excessive in those of Nero, Caligula, 
Murat, Danton, and Robespierre. 17 

Supposing you found Destructiveness as large in a per- 
son of distinguished benevolence as in a notorious murder- 
er , would that not strike you as an argument against 
phrenology ? 

It would not. The benevolent man has other faculties 
which keep it in check, and prevent the display of its more 
violent manifestations; the murderer has no such re- 
straints. The late Dr Gregory, and Mr Abernethy, the 

16 The frequent indulgence in Destructiveness gives coarseness of man- 
ners ; " whence," as Lord Karnes inquires, £t the rough and harsh manners of 
our West India planters, but from the unrestrained license of vending ill-hu- 
mor upon their negro slaves? 1 ' 

17 Calvin, who burnt Servetus over a slow fire, for differing with him on a 
peint of theology, must have had a large endowment of this organ. Both 
Combativeness and Destructiveness appear very large in the portraits of Bon- 
ner, Bishop of London, a man of violent character, and coarse both in his 
manners and language, and who, in the reign of the Bloody Mary, consigned 
to the flames, not fewer than 200 individuals for their religious opinions. Cal- 
iban, in Shakspeare's play of the " Tempest," is an incarnation of pure Des- 
tructiveness. 



28 

distinguished and eccentric surgeon, had probably as large 
organs of Destructiveness, absolutely speaking, as Belling- 
ham ; but in them it was controlled by energetic, moral, 
and intellectual faculties while the miserable assassin of 
Perceval being wofully deficient in these, was left to the 
unbridled sway of his lower propensities, and revelled in 
vice. Thus, although the positive size of Destructiveness 
may not have been larger in him than in them, yet its rel- 
ative dimensions, in proportion to the organs of the moral 
feelings, was infinitely greater, and hence the criminal ten- 
dencies of his depraved mind. 

Thurtell, the murderer, had a tolerable endowment of 
Benevolence. Mow do you reconcile this with the commis- 
sion of the atrocious crime which cost him his life 1 

Thurtell frequently showed traits of benevolent feeling, 
and was on this account, rather popular with his associates. 
His Benevolence, however, was no match for the excited en- 
ergy of his great Destructiveness, and other animal propen- 
sities ; and a phrenologist, on examining his head, so far 
from inferring it to be that of an amiable or virtuous char- 
acter, would conclude, that it belonged to one strongly ad- 
dicted to low indulgencies, and when in a state of excite- 
ment, to acts of violent outrage. When the propensities 
were not in this excited condition, he would manifest good 
nature and benevolence, and the annals of his life show 
that he was very capable of kind actions. 18 It is phrenolo- 

18 Some people foolishly imagine, that when a man is hanged for taking 
away life, he must needs be totally destitute of Benevolence; not reflecting, 
that people are always governed by the strongest motives, and that if, in an 
unhappy moment, Destructiveness is so furiously excited, a^ to overpower the 
counteracting effect of Benevolence, it must lead to violent, and frequently 
fatal results. Had Thurtell possessed a very poor development of lienevo- 
lence, his head would have; afforded a strong argument, that phrenologists 
were in error respecting the locality of this organ, in so far as, in accordance 
With such a development, his whole actions should have been characterized 
by a destitution of benevolent feeling, which was very far Irom being the cas/},- 



29 

gy alone which can explain these apparent anomalies of 
character. Men of far higher moral powers than Thurtell, 
have been hanged for murder, committed in a moment of 
violent passion, under the influence of a provoked and un- 
governable Destructiveness. 

Mention a few instances of the way in which Destruc- 
tiveness often manifests itself 

It is shown in a love of hunting, rat-killing, dog-fighting, 
and attending public executions. It is told of La Conda- 
mine, that on one occasion, making efforts to penetrate the 
crowd assembled to witness an execution, and being push- 
ed back by the soldiers, the executioner said, " Let the 
gentleman pass, he is an amateur." The mischievous hab- 
it of breaking windows, gates, posts, and trees, so com- 
mon in this country, is a manifestation of the faculty, so is 
the common and atrocious crime of fire-raising. A pas- 
sionate child kicks the stool over which it stumbled ; this 
simple act proceeds from Destructivenes. People who in- 
dulge in abuse are all destructive. Cursing and swearing 
are displays of the propensity. Xantippe, the wife of So- 
crates, was highly destructive ; so was Catherine, in the 
comedy of the "Taming of the Shrew/ 5 and so are the whole 
family of scolds and termagants. Clergymen who address 
themselves much to the fears of their audience, and dwell 
strongly upon the terrors of future punishment, have this 
organ large. 

Is Destructiveness often violently roused ? 



Moir, who was executed for shooting, in a fit of violent passion, a fisherman, 
who had grossly insulted and outraged him, was understood to he a very be- 
nevolent man, when his ungovernable temper was not roused into activity. 
It would be absurd to expect, in such a head, a small organ of Benevolence, 
and yet he was hanged for murder. A man was executed in Glasgow, a few 
years ago, for stabbing a person, by whom he was overpowered, in a fight 
which took place between them, when half drunk. This man's previous 
ehasacter was not only fair, but excellent. 

3* 



30 

No organ is so frequently in a state of excitation. You 
cannot cross the street, or sit an hour in the company of 
people of different religious or political sentiments, with- 
out seeing it called into action. If you behold a cat 
pouncing upon a mouse, or two dogs growling at each other 
about a bone, you have an instance of the faculty being 
at work. Homicidal monomania is the effect of a diseas- 
ed excitement of Destructiveness, and many miserable lu- 
natics have perished on the scaffold, for homicides com- 
mitted under its influence. Great ignorance prevails 
among judges and juries with regard to this subject. 19 

When does Destructiveness first display itself? 

At the moment of birth. The angry cries of the new- 
born child are manifestations of the faculty. 20 

19 I saw a man, named Papaverine, guillotined at Paris in 1823, for murder. 
On reading his trial, I was strongly impressed with the idea, that the crime 
was committed under the influence of insanity, and that the man ought not to 
have been put to death. This view of the case has been since adopted in 
works on insanity, and is now admitted to be sound. The same year, 1 wit- 
nessed at Versailles, the decapitation of a miserable wretch, convicted of mur- 
dering, and of afterwards eating the flesh of his victim — a young girl against 
whom he entertained no animosity whatever. When apprehended, he had 
plenty of money upon him, a proof that he was not impelled by want. He 
could give no motive for the dreadful crime, but an insatiable desire to eat hu- 
man flesh. Gaulius speaks of a man who had a similar passion, and who, to 
gratify it, committed many murders. His daughter, though separated from 
him, and well brought up, yielded to the same horrible desire, and became al- 
so a cannibal. " At the commencement of last century," says Spurzhoim, 
"many murders were committed in Holland upon the frontiers of Cleves. 
The author of these crimes was, for a long time unknown, but at last an old 
musician, who was in the habit of playing the violin at all the weddings in 
thfl Deigborhood, was suspected, in consequence of some remarks which es- 
caped his children. Being brought before a magistrate, he acknowleded thir- 
ty-four murders, and declared that he committed them without animosity, or 
wish to rob, but simply because he felt therein an extraordinary degree of 
pleasure." The whole of these persons were, unquestionably, monomaniacs. 

20 An irritable fiamn calls Dcstructivcnees into play, hence tho frequent ebul- 
litions of temper displayed during t ho reign of childhood, and also by grown poo- 
p|. ; m -ho labor under bad health. " No man," says Lord Bacon, " is angry who 
fifth not himsolf hurt j and therefore, delicate and tender porsons must needs be 
often angry, thoy have so many things to trouble them, which moro robust natures 
have little aenso of." 



31 

Are destructive people necessarily brave ? 

No. They are often great cowards when brought to 
face real danger. Valour depends upon Combativeness. 
At the same time, Destructiveness sharpens the faculty, and 
adds much to its energy on the field of battle. Firmness 
gives endurance to both these faculties, and prevents them 
from rapidly exhausting themselves. 21 

What results from a want of Destructiveness ? 

The mind is deficient in fire and edge, and in that de- 
gree of severity which is of great use in the business of 
life. Without this faculty there could be no operative sur- 
geons, no killing of animals for the purposes of food, no 
energy of character among mankind. 

-[-Alimentiveness. 

Wliat is meant by this term ? 

Alimentiveness is the name applied to one of the organs, 
not yet regarded as fully ascertained ; it is supposed to be 
connected with the desire for food. In the bust, it bears 
no number, but is marked -|- ; it lies in front of, and a 
little above the opening of the ear. Farther observations 
are necessary, to determine whether the functions assigned 
to this part of the brain be correct. 

When very large, in what manner does it display itself? 

It is supposed to bestow an inordinate fondness for in- 
dulging in the pleasures of the table. If this belief be 

21 A man is met on the highway by a robber, who presents a pistol to his 
breast, and demands his money. If the man is greatly endowed with Firmness, 
but deficient in Combativeness, he will sternly refuse to surrender his purse, but do 
nothing more. If he posseses, along with Firmness, a great deal of Combativeness, 
he will be inclined to rush forward, and wrench the weapon from the hand of his 
assailant. Here the functions of Combativeness will cease; but supposing the in- 
dividual to be largely endowed with Destructiveness also, he will endeavor to 
knock the aggressor down, to punish him with severity, and perhaps kill him on 
the spot. In most persons, however, Destructiveness is large enough to give rise 
to such manifestations in the circumstances supposed. 



32 

correct, gluttons and epicures ought to be well endowed 
with the organ, and probably drunkards also. Indeed, 
Dr Caldwell of Lexington, in his ingenious " Thoughts 
on Intemperance," 22 conceives the habit of drunkenness 
to depend upon a highly excited state of this organ, and 
proposes to cure it by means of local applications. It is 
certain that, by nature, some people are much more ad- 
dicted to eating and drinking than others, and it can hard- 
ly be doubted, that these propensities depend upon a spe- 
cial organ. 

What are the abuses of this faculty ? 

Gluttony 23 and drunkenness. 

Love of Life. 

Does the Love of Life depend upon a particular organ? 
It is so conjectured by phrenologists, who conceive that 

22 Published in the Transylvania Journal of Medicine, July, &c, 1832. See 
also Phrenological Journal, vol. viii. p. 624. 

23 In the Journal of the Phrenological Society of Paris, the case of a woman, 
called Deoise, detailed in the " Annales de la Medecine Physiologique," (Octo- 
ber, 1832) is taken notice of, as furnishing a curious example of insatiable appe- 
tite for food. In infancy, she exhausted the milk of all her nurses, and ate four 
times more than other children of the same age. At school, she devoured the bread 
of all the scholars ; and in the Salpetriero it was found impossible to satisfy her 
habitual uppetito with less than eight or ten pounds of bread daily. Nevertheless, 
she th^re experienced, two or three times a month, great attacks of hunger, during 
which she devoured twenty four pounds of bread daily. If, during these fits, any 
obstacle was opposed to the gratification of her imperious desire, she became so 
furious, that she used to bite her clothes, and even hands, and did not recover her 
reason till hunger was completely satisfied. Being one day in the kitchen of a 
rich family, whore a dinner party was expected, she devoured, in a very few min- 
utes, the soup intended for twenty guests, along with twelve pounds of bread. On 
another occasion, she drank all the coffee prepared for seventy-five of her compan. 
ions in the Salpctricre. Her skull is small ; the region of tlio propensities pre- 
dominates. 

In the head of a semi-idiot, named Hugh Barclay, who was executed at Glas- 
gow for murder, tho organ of Alimontiveness was very large, and tho excessive 
craving for food corresponded. Ilo clamored for it shortly before being brought 
upon tho scaffold, and on tho morning of his execution, ato a breakfast which 
would have sufficed for throo healthy men. 



33 

a portion of the lower and inner side of the middle lobe of 
the brain is the seat of this feeling. Facts, however, are 
more deficient here, than even with regard to the organ of 
Alimentiveness. It is highly probable, that Love of Life 
depends upon a special organ, for we do not always find, 
that those whose lot has been most fortunately cast, as re- 
spects riches, health, and other things considered worth 
living for, set the highest value upon existence. The 
wretched and half-starved mendicant often dreads the ter- 
mination of life more than the happy and the prosperous, 
and this altogether without any reference to a future state 
and its punishments. Dr Johnson had an extreme terror 
of death. If this feeling has a special organ, the latter 
must have been large in him. Dr Thomas Brown treats 
of "the desire of continued existence" as a special fac- 
ulty. 

7. Secretiveness. 

Describe the position of tins organ ? 

Secretiveness is situated immediately above Destructive- 
ness, as may be seen, by referring to the bust. When the 
latter organ is very large, and comes high up, it may be 
mistaken for Secretiveness, by the inexperienced observer. 
In like manner, Secretiveness and Acquisitiveness are 
sometimes confounded with Ideality — such happened in 
the case of Hare, the murderer, in whose head the enemies 
of phrenology ignorantly affirmed, that Ideality was large, 
when it was entirely the reverse. These mistakes arise from 
the organs in question encroaching more than is usual upon 
the neighboring ones, but an experienced investigator will 
never fall into them. Secretiveness, when large, gives a 
general breadth of head at the back part of the temple, 

IMiat is the tendency of Secretiveness ? 

To conceal. 



34 

What is the character of a very secretive person 1 

He is reserved, and neither open nor explicit ; is fond 
of stratagem and fineness, and delights in mystifying and 
deceiving. His pace is stealthy, his voice soft, his eyes 
sidelong, and he can hardly look an acquaintance in the 
face. A person with much Secretiveness is very fond of 
prying into the affairs of others, unless his mind be of a 
superior cast. 

From what does cunning result 1 

From the excessive size and activity of this organ. Se- 
cretiveness, however, if well regulated by the intellect and 
moral sentiments, does not display itself in cunning, which 
is an abuse of the faculty. 

Has Secretiveness any thing to do in the production of 
taciturnity ? 

It has. Taciturnity arises from Secretiveness and Cau- 
tiousness, accompanied, generally, with a small develop- 
ment of Language, and, in many cases, of Love of Appro- 
bation. 

What good purpose is served by Secretiveness 1 

It communicates a power, often highly valuable, of 
hiding the manifestation of unpleasant feelings, which, 
without such restraint, would be sure to burst forth. It 
also gives us an insight into the feelings of others, and 
suspicion of their motives ; hence secretive people are not 
easily imposed upon, and possess singular facility in detect- 
ing imposture, and seeing through plausibility and preten- 
sion. Secretiveness is of eminent use in war and diploma- 
cy. Hannibal in the field, and Talleyrand in the cabi- 
net, sufficiently prove the truth of this remark. Secretive- 
ness is the chief ingredient in what is called tact. 

Is Secretiveness requisite for an actor 1 

No person can be a good performer without it. The 
actor must sink his own character in representing another ; 



35 

and this is chiefly effected by virtue of Secretiveness. 
Where Imitation exists, as it always does in good actors, 
the process is still more complete. 
Is it an element in humor ? 

It enters very fully into what is called dry humor, such 
as that of Dean Swift and Cervantes, where the writer, un- 
der the disguise of the most perfect simplicity and gravity, 
convulses us with laughter. Broad humor, such as that of 
Smollett and Rabelais, requires less of it, and into Irish 
humor it very sparingly enters. 

WJiat is the character of a person deficient in this fac- 
ulty ? 

He is remarkable for candor and openness, speaks his 
mind freely, and is under little restraint. People of this kind 
ought never to be entrusted with a secret, as they feel a con- 
tinual effort necessary to prevent them from divulging it. 
Is the faculty active in any of the lower animals 7 
In many of them it is so, and their craft is generally, 
though not always, in proportion to the weakness or help- 
lessness of the animal. The cunning of the fox and cat is 
proverbial. Most birds are astute — witness the admirable 
manner in which the nests of many of them are hid from 
observation. The crocodile and turtle seem to show Se- 
cretiveness in the skilful manner in which they hide their 
eggs in the sand ; unless, indeed, we can suppose, that in 
so doing, they are guided by a particular blind instinct. 
Craft enables some animals to secure their prey, and 
others to avoid danger. 

8. Acquisitiveness. 

"Where is this organ situated ? 

At the anterior, inferior angle of the parietal bone. 

WJiat is the nature of its faculty ? 

To acquire and accumulate. 



36 

What would you expect of a person wlio had a large 
development of this organ, with deficient Conscientiousness 1 

That he should be thievishly inclined. If placed in un- 
favorable circumstances, it is hardly possible for him, with 
such an organization, to be otherwise than a thief. 

Suppose him favorably situated, would he act the thief? 

Possibly not. His pride, Love of Approbation, or terror 
of discovery, might prevent him from stealing; but still, at 
heart, he would be a thief, and covet every thing he saw. 

What is the chief manifestation of a very powerful Ac- 
quisitiveness ? 

An inordinate lust after riches. The person becomes a 
miser ; the whole aim of his life is to hoard ; and the loss 
of money he regards as the greatest of misfortunes. So 
strong is this feeling, that many persons, though wallowing 
in wealth, scarcely allow themselves the common necessa- 
ries of life. Such was the case with Elwes, who lived in 
great want and misery, although immensely rich ; his fortune, 
at the time of his death, amounting to =£700,000. Daniel 
Dancer, the miser, who left =£60,000, slept for many years 
in an old sack, to save the expense of bedding ; and never, 
even in the severest weather, allowed himself the luxury of 
a fire. He sustained life by begging, and literally died of 
starvation. The Duke of Marlborough, though worth 
,£50,000 a year, might be seen darning his stockings at 
the head of the army, and would walk home from the the- 
atre on a rainy night to save sixpence. 

May a miser he a benevolent man ? 

He may ; but lie will show his benevolence in some other 
way than in giving money. Although he may exert him- 
self vehemently, and spare no trouble to oblige a friend, it 
will be difficult or impossible to make him open his purse. 
It musl he admitted, however, that the tendency of exces- 
sive Acquisitiveness is " to harden the heart, and petrify 



37 

the feelings." Gold is the miser's divinity ; he worships 
it as an idol, and extends his veneration to all who have a 
large share of it ; hence, wealthy people, however despica- 
ble their character, are apt to be held in profound respect 
by the acquisitive. 

Are very acquisitive people generally happy ? 

They are not. Having generally but one source of fe- 
licity, that of hoarding money, they are fretful and discon- 
tented, when their efforts at accumulation fall short of what 
they calculated upon ; the loss of money annoys them ex- 
ceedingly, and while they venerate, they, at the same time, 
envy those who are richer than themselves. 

What is the result of small Acquisitiveness ? 

Indifference about making, and profusion in spending 
money. 

Does Acquisitiveness lead to the accumulation of money 
alone ? 

No ; it may show itself in accumulation of any kind. 
Some people are fond of hoarding books, medals, coins, 
curious shells, &c. ; if a person has a liking for these things, 
and possesses large Acquisitiveness, he will naturally col- 
lect them, especially if this can be done at little expense. 

Does this faculty display itself in early life ? 

When strong, it is manifested at a very early period. 
There are vast differences among children in this respect ; 
one gives half of what he has to his playmate ; another 
keeps all to himself; one school-boy will keep a half-penny 
in his pocket a week before he has the heart to spend it; 
another gets quit of his little treasure almost as soon as it 
is in his possession. 24 

24 The great Prince of Conde having occasion to go from home for some time, 
gave to his son, a young lad, eighty louis d?or for pocket money. On his return, 
the careful youlh showed him the money, exclaiming, " see, father, there is all 
the money you gave me, and I have not spent a single sous of it." The Prince 
was so disgusted with the prnurious spirit of the lad, that he took the money and 

4 



38 






Does old age whet or diminish the activity of this organ 1 

It aggravates it to a great degree. A careful boy will 
make a miserly man. Avarice is the only passion which 
age does not blunt. 25 

Would you not infer the contrary seeing that theft is 
more common in early years than at a later period 1 

Children steal more readily than grown people, because 
their caution and reflection are less. Adults see more 
clearly the consequences to which a discovery of theft 
would lead ; and a man has naturally more respect for his 
reputation than a child. The desire of a man to possess 
any thing may be as strong as a child's ; but to obtain it 
he will not readily adopt means which may involve him in 
disgrace. 

May a thief be a benevolent man ? 

Undoubtedly. He may rob you to-day, and relieve you 
to-morrow with a liberal hand, if you are in distress. This 
fact may be easily verified by referring to the lives of fa- 
mous pickpockets and highwaymen. George Barrington 
is a remarkable case in point. The celebrated outlaws, 
Robin Hood and Rob Roy, were instances in which a great 
deal of benevolent feeling co-existed with large Acquisi- 
tiveness, and deficient Conscientiousness. 26 

threw it into the street, telling the young miser that if ho had not the manliness 
to spend it upon himself, he ought to have given it away. 

25 Why age should sharpen Acquisitiveness, while it hlunts the other faculties, 
it is difficult even to conjecture, but the fact is undeniable. A good story is told 
of an old Scotch nobleman, one of the Earls of Findlater, I believe, who having 
found a farthing, and being solicited for the same by a beggar who saw him pick 
it up, put it carefully into his pocket, saying, " Na, na, puir body ; find a farthing 
for yoursol." 

2G The passion for thieving is, in some individuals, so immoderately strong, as 
absolutely to amount to a disease. In such cases, it bears an analogy to homicidal 
monomania, or the- irresistible dcsiro to commit murder. The following case of 
thieving monomania I extract from the London papers. Confirmed thieves seem 
all to labor under this affection : 

Central Crin.inal Court.— Henry Smith, ft Bmart lad, aged thirteen, was con- 



39 

To what does the legitimate exercise of Acquisitiveness 
lead 1 

To a rational accumulation of wealth for proper pur- 
poses ; as for the sake of securing comfort and independ- 
ence to one's self and family. Carried much beyond this 
point, it is a contemptible vice, degrading to a human be- 
ing. 

Does the size of the organ differ in different nations? 

Very much. It is said to be small in the Carib, the 
Arragonese, and Castilians; and these people are not at 
all given to stealing. The Calmucs, who are notorious 
thieves, have a large development of the organ. It is gen- 
erally large in Scotch, English, and Dutch heads ; hence 
the vast fortunes acquired, and the high respect paid to 
wealth in Great Britain, and Holland. It is small in the 
French head ; a Frenchman is satisfied with a moderate 
competency, and when that is secured, he generally retires 
from business to pass his life in pleasure; while the Briton 
and the Dutchman toil on till the last, in the accumulation 
of property. In France, little respect is paid to a person 
merely on account of his wealth ; while in some other 
countries, the mere whisper that a man is rich is sufficient 
to ensure him every homage and attention. 

Is Acquisitiveness manifested by the lower animals 1 

Some of them exhibit its activity in great perfection. 
The magpie is a notorious thief, and carries its propensity 

victed of stealing a diamond, the property of his father. The boy had been twice 
convicted, and kept solitary and whipped, but on his liberation he returned to his 
old habit of pilfering. 

The little fellow, with tears, prayed the court to send him to the convict ship, 
to break him of thieving. 

Court. — Why do you thieve? 

Prisoner. — I cannot help it ; I must do it. 

The schoolmaster of Newgate was consulted as to the boy's intellect, and he 
was reported to be shrewd, of sound intellect, but so addicted to theft, that only 
last night he robbed a fellow-prisoner of a shilling. The court complied with the 
prisoner's request. 



40 

so far as to steal what can be of no use to it. Cats are 
generally looked upon as thieves, and so are dogs ; but I 
apprehend that it is not, as in the magpie, from an abstract 
principle of appropriation that they steal, but merely to 
gratify hunger. The industrious bee, in hoarding honey 
for its winter stores, shows the force of Acquisitiveness. 
The same remark applies to the beaver, which accumulates 
wood for the formation of its dwelling. The cow and the 
horse have the sense of property. Each goes to its own 
stall, and defends it against intrusion. 

9. CONSTRUCTIVENESS. 

Describe the position and function of this organ ? 

It is marked 9 in the bust, and lies in the temple below, 
and in front of, Acquisitiveness. The function may be de- 
scribed as a tendency to fashion or construct, and expert- 
ness in doing so. 

In what class of individuals would you expect a large 
development 1 

In those who have a constructive or mechanical genius; 
such as Archimedes, Rennie, Telford, Watt, Vauban, 
Michael Angelo, and Raphael. Dexterous artizans, and 
painters and sculptors who are eminent in the mechanical 
department of their avocations, must have the organ large; 
and accordingly we find that in them it is invariably above 
average. It is impossible to be even an expert tailor or 
milliner without a good endowment of the organ. 

Will Constructiveness alone enable ws to contrive an in- 
genious piece of machinery ? 

No. Mechanical contrivers are not impelled by Con- 
structiveness, but by intellect. The former, however, is 
absolutely necessary to embody or realize in a machine 
what the intellect suggests. 

When Constructiveness is small, what is the consc~ 
queue c ? 



41 

The person is what we call clumsy-handed, and can do 
nothing with neatness and dexterity. Some men are so 
very remarkable in this respect that they cannot even 
make a pen, or shave themselves. 

In what manner does the faculty exhibit itself in the low- 
er animals 1 

In various ways, and in some with exquisite nicety ; wit- 
ness the beautiful architecture of the honeycomb by that 
ingenious little artist, the bee ; — the wonderful skill with 
which the beaver constructs its dwelling, and the art dis- 
played by birds in the formation of their nests. 

Is the force of this faculty in the lower animals in the 
ratio of the general intellect possessed by them ? 

No more than in man. The most sagacious animals, 
such as the dog and elephant, never attempt a work of art, 
while creatures far inferior in genera] sagacity excel in 
such achievements. This is a decided proof that a special 
organ exists for the purpose of constructing. 

Do nations differ greatly with regard to the force of 
this organ 1 

Very much indeed. The head of the New Hollander 
is narrow in the region of Constructiveness, and his defi- 
ciency in this respect is notorious. The organ is largely 
developed in the Italian and French head, and more mod- 
erately in the English. 

Can Constructiveness be abused 1 

Yes. The formation of engines for destroying human 
life, and the erection of such structures as the Sphinx, the 
Cretan Labyrinth, the Ear of Dionysius, and the Egyptian 
Pyramids, may all be regarded as abuses of the faculty. 
The same may be said of many of those trashy, evanescent 
works of fancy in which so much precious time is wasted 
by females in the middle and higher grades of society. 27 

27 There ia a man in London who exhibits what he calls the learned fleas. He 
4* 



42 

Is it possible for a person who, while in health, has no 
talent for construction, to acquire such talent when the or- 
gan becomes excited by disease 1 

Facts prove that this is possible. In such cases, howev- 
er, the adventitious talent thus curiously acquired, will en- 
dure only so long as the excitement continues. 

In what respect does the constructive talent of man dif- 
fer from that of the lower animals 1 

The talent of the lower animals is specific and limited. 
The bee can construct only a honeycomb, the bird a nest, 
the beaver a dwelling of a particular form. No tuition 
can alter the dispositions of these creatures so as to make 
them build after any other fashion ; whereas, the con- 
structive talent of man is general in its operation ; he 
works by a thousand different ways, and forms an infinity 
of distinct objects. 

GENUS II.— SENTIMENTS. 

What meaning is attached to the word Sentiment ? 

It is applied to those affective faculties which, besides 
giving rise to inclinations, feel an emotion or affection 
which is not merely a propensity. 

SPECIES I.— INFERIOR SENTIMENTS. 
10. Self-Esteem. 

How would you recognize the existence of a large Self- 
Estccm ? 

By the elevation which it gives to that part of the head 

has contrived to employ those insects in a variety of occupations, such as drawing 
carriagos and ships, carrying towers, and other pursuits equally momentous and 
liapoit&Bt. Wonderful skill is displayed in the construction of the vehicles, &c. 
and in the admirable art with which the insects uro attached to them— skill, which 
applied to propor purposes, might lead to great results, and do the artiit honor. 
Buch a childish application of great constructive talents, is surely an abuse oftho 
organ in question. 



43 

immediately above Concentrativeness, and between that 
and the organ of Firmness. 

What circumstance led to the discovery of this organ ? 

It was as follows — Dr Gall one day met with a beggar, 
who had such an inordinate opinion of his own conse- 
quence, that he refused to work, considering labor to be 
entirely beneath him. This man was the son of a rich 
merchant, and had been reduced to beggary by his over- 
weening self-conceit preventing him from laboring for his 
bread. On examination, Dr Gall observed a large promi- 
nence on the upper and back part of his head, which he 
supposed might be the seat of pride. Subsequent obser- 
vations have fully verified his conjecture. 

To what does excessive Self-Esteem lead? 

To arrogance, to an immense opinion of one's self; 28 
and, when accompanied by deficient Benevolence, to great 
selfishness. 

What are the results of a small development ? 

Modesty and meekness of demeanor. The person thinks 
little of himself, however admirable his merits, and is per- 
fectly free from presumption. 

Is a great endowment of this faculty useful or the re- 
verse ? 

Useful, rather than otherwise, if accompanied with good 
moral sentiments. It gives self-respect a spirit of inde- 
pendence, and that proper pride which disdains ever .ning 
that is dishonorable. Even bad men, who have muu Self- 
Esteem, are often prevented from acting improperly through 
the fear of compromising their dignity. 



28 It is the great Se!f-Esteem of the English which renders them so insuffera- 
ble on the Continent— which leads them to decry all other nations, and to look 
upon themselves as in every respect the first people in the world. The songs which 
are addressed to the Self-Esteem of the nation, are universally popular ; witness 
"Rule Britannia," and " Ye Mariners of England." That famous toast "The 
British Constitution— the pride of surrounding nations, and the envy of the uni- 
verse," ia a preposterous ebullition of immoderate Self-Esteem. 



44 

Is it possible to surmise the existence of Self-Esteem 
without examining the head, or being intimate with the in- 
dividual 1 

Yes. Those so endowed have generally an upright 
gait, carry their heads high, and have altogether an air of 
consequence about them. 

In which of the sexes does the organ most predominate ? 

In the male. Men generally assume more than women, 
and their opinion of themselves is much greater. More 
men go deranged than women from wounded pride. 

What effect is produced by diseased excitement of this 
organ ? 

Its activity is enormously increased, and the person is 
apt to imagine himself a monarch, or even the Deity. In 
every madhouse lunatics of this description may be met 
with. 

Mention a few of the forms in which Self-Esteem dis- 
plays itself. 

In a fondness for being placed in dignified situations, 
as on the magisterial bench, and an extreme sensibility to 
neglect or insult. " Better to reign in hell than serve in 
heaven," is the language of the faculty. Weak-minded 
people with much Self-Esteem, value themselves highly on 
account of their great connexions and acquaintances, if 
they happen to have any. Dr Gall speaks of conceited in- 
dividuals, who will not cut their nails lest it should appear 
that they arc obliged to work. People with a very strong 
endowment of this faculty, are fond of taking the lead on 
all occasions, and are apt to be disobedient to superiors. 
Leaders of mutinies have probably the organ of Self-Es- 
teem largely developed. 

Docs Self-Esteem produce vanity ? 

No. The proud man despises the opinions of others ; 
the vain man lives, as it were, upon them. " The man is 



45 

too proud to be vain," was a remark of Dean Swift's, and 
is founded on a correct view of human nature. 29 

What is the reason that many of our politicians who 
figure as great patriots and defenders of popular rights, 
are tyrants at heart, and bad masters to their dependants 1 

It seems to arise from those pseudo-patriots possessing a 
great endowment of Self-Esteem, with deficient Benevo- 
lence and Conscientiousness. The first will make them 
impatient of seeing others placed in higher stations than 
themselves, and the deficiency of the two last render them 
unscrupulous in their usage of others. To pull down 
those who sit in high places, they make tools of the popu- 
lace, whom probably they dislike a great deal more than 
do those whose overthrow they are meditating. Knaves of 
this description frequently get into Parliament, and other 
public situations, by impudent pretensions to superior pat- 
riotism. 

Are any of the inferior animals supposed to possess the 
faculty of Self-Esteem ? 

The turkey, the peacock, and the horse are conceived 
to do so. Napoleon's favorite steed seems to have had 
the feeling strong ; when ridden by any other than his im- 
perial master, he appeared depressed, and to feel as if de- 
graded ; but so soon as the Emperor mounted him, he 

29 " The proud man is penetrated with a sense of his superior merit, and, 
from the height of his grandeur, treats with contempt or indifference all other 
mortals. The vain man attaches the utmost importance to the judgment of oth- 
ers, and ardently seeks for their approbation. The proud man expects that the 
world should come and discover his merit. The vain man strikes at every door to 
draw attention towards him, and supplicates even the smallest portion of honor. 
The proud man despises the marks of distinction which constitute the happiness 
of the vain one. The proud man is disgusted by indiscreet eulogiums. The vain 
man inhales incense with rapture, however unskilfully scattered upon him. The 
proud man, even under the most imperious necessity, never descends from his ele- 
vation. The vain man humbles himself even to the ground, provided by this 
means he attains his end." — Gall, Sur Les Fonctions du Cerveau, tome iv. p. 296. 
(This discriminative sketch is worthy of Theophrastus.) 



46 

raised his head erect, looking inflated with pride, as if con- 
scious that he had the honor of carrying one who was 
greater than all others. The animal's sagacity was here 
equal to his pride, as he must have caught the idea of his 
master's rank, by remarking the respectful manner in 
which he was universally treated. The dislike which one 
dog has to see another caressed, arises from wounded 
Self-Esteem. 

11. Love of Approbation. 

Where is this organ situated 1 

On each side of the organ of Self-Esteem. 

What are the objects sought for by the faculty ? 

It seeks after esteem and admiration, and is gratified by 
praise. 

Mention the modes in which it displays itself when very 
strong. 

In a constant and fidgetty desire to please and be ad- 
mired by every body, in a morbid appetite for praise, and 
a longing to know what the world thinks of us. The per- 
son so endowed dresses well, or employs other means to 
excite admiration. His leading aim is to procure ap- 
plause ; he lives upon incense and is wretched if he does 
not obtain it. In short, as pride is the abuse of Self-Es- 
teem, so is vanity that of Love of Approbation. Com- 
bined they produce ambition. This organ is very large in 
the busts of Themistocles 30 who from his earliest years dis- 

30 Themistocles was not a strictly conscientious man, as is proved by his treat- 
ment of Ari-t i«les, and his proposal to destroy tlio ships of the other Greek pow- 
ers for the purpose of giving his nativo country the supremacy, at a time when 
these powers were at peace with it, and had DO reason to fear such an outrage 
When, however, tho King of Persia came to claim his promise that ho would lead 
the Barbarian forces against Greece, his Love of Approbation seems to have ta- 
ken alarm, ami rather thai) do a deed which must have blasted hi.s reputation for- 
ever among his countrymen, he chose, although tho Athenians had used him most 
shamefully, and well deserved punishment, to die by his own hands. It is not pro- 



47 

played an unquenchable love of glory, and often declared 
that the victories of Miltiades would not allow him to 
sleep. The feeling seems to have been very strong in Alex- 
ander the Great, Napoleon, and Charles XII, of Sweden. 

Have not women more vanity than men ? 

Such is generally the case, although some men have the 
passion in great excess. Women are easily flattered, and 
soon become partial to those who bestow upon them this 
species of adulation. Women frequently go deranged 
from diseased Love of Approbation, which is seldom the 
case with the other sex. 

What is the demeanor of a person with a great endow- 
ment of this faculty ? 

It is conciliating, courteous, and polite, very different 
from the hard austerity and pomp of Self-Esteem. Beaux, 
masters of ceremonies, teachers of dancing &c, afford 
good illustrations of the natural language of the faculty. 

Does the feeling display itself in any other way ? 

Yes. When combined with deficient Conscientiousness, 
it disposes the person to " shoot with the long bow," and 
to-be addicted to boasting. If he is naturally a coward, 
his Love of Approbation will dispose him to talk largely of 
valiant feats performed by himself — all for the purpose of 
disguising his conscious pusillanimity. 

JVJiy are boasters generally cowards 1 

Men, for the most part, wish to make it appear that they 
possess those good qualities in which they are deficient ; 
hence the coward, like the ass in the lion's skin, tries to 
assume the guise of valor. 

By what class of men is Love of Approbation most 
displayed ? 

bable that Conscientiousness had much influence in stopping him, and far less 
fear. The feeling by which he was arrested in his career of vengeance was, in all 
probability, Love of Approbation. 



48 

By those whose success in their profession depends upon 
public applause, such as actors, painters, &c. ; it is in the 
gratification of this feeling, indeed, that the chief reward 
of their exertions often consists. People who are fond of 
coming much before the public, either in the shape of ora- 
tors, lecturers, chairmen of meetings, movers of addresses, 
or any other in which they will be spoken of, and their 
sayings and doings blazoned in the newspapers, have gen- 
erally a large organ of Love of Approbation. 

Does vanity manifest itself the same way with every 
one? 

No. The way in which it manifests itself depends 
upon the other faculties. A vain man with a good endow- 
ment of Tune, and a small organ of Number, will be vain 
of his musical genius and comparatively indifferent to 
praise on account of his powers of calculation. Swin- 
dlers, pickpockets, -robbers, and even murderers often 
boast of their feats. If a man is good at any thing, and 
possesses much Love of Approbation, he will be apt to 
boast of his eminence in that particular walk ; hence we 
have men who are vain of their powers of eating and 
drinking. The vain man always wishes to be esteemed 
eminent in his profession, whether it be that of poet, 
statesman, physician, divine, pickpocket, glutton, drunk- 
ard, or bravo. 31 

Do the lower animals display the faculty under conside- 
ration ? 

Some do. Dogs are exceedingly fond of caresses and 
approbation. I remember of a favorite terrier bringing a 
rat which he had killed to my bed-room door, and scraping 

31 u A large organ of Love of Approbation, inn bead of great «oucra] size, 
gives origin to the ambition of a Bonaparte ; while n largo development of the 
organ iu a sm ill bond produce! frivolous vanity, like that of the Hindoos, whose 
heads, us Lady Irwin says, ' are toyshops filled with trifling wares.' "—rhrcno ■ 

logical Journal, vol. viii. p. Gil. 



49 

for admittance, evidently that I might see the good sei> 
vice he had done. The animal had been trained to rat- 
killing, and evidently knew that in slaying one of these 
creatures he had done an action which would be applaud- 
ed. The violent efforts of the race-horse in the struggle 
for victory evidently proceed from Love of Approbation. 
The faculty is active in the monkey, which is fond of 
gaudy dresses. 

What follows when the organ is very small 1 

A marked indifference to praise and to the opinions of 
the world. It is unfortunate when a person is so circum- 
stanced, for the love of being well thought of is certainly 
one of the great incentives to the performance of gen- 
erous deeds. 

Does good ever result from excessive vanity ? 

Sometimes to the public — rarely to the individual. For 
instance, men, from a love of ostentation, often put down 
their names as donors to public charities, to which, other- 
wise, they would not have contributed a farthing. The 
magnificent sepulchral monuments of " Pere la Chaise" 
are erected, in a great measure, at the instigation of vani- 
ty on the part of the families of the deceased. The same 
feeling has much to do in the erection and endowment of 
hospitals to which wealthy individuals, such as Guy and 
Herriot, appropriate their fortunes. 

Can a person be amiable without Love of Approbation ? 

Not easily. This feeling entets strongly into the com- 
position of an amiable character. It gives the desire to 
pl eas e — the fear to offend — which, in every situation of 
life, are so desirable. 

12. Cautiousness. 
What is the tendency of this organ ? 
To produce a feeling of circumspection , and when very 



50 

active, fear. Those in whom it predominates are never 
rash ; they are what are called " prudent characters," who 
seldom get into scrapes, and scrupulously weigh the con- 
sequences of every word and action. 

Does great Cautiousness necessarily lead to cowardice 1 

Not unless it greatly predominates over Combativeness. 
Some of the greatest heroes were distinguished for cir- 
cumspection ; such was the case with Hannibal, Fabius, 
and many others. The skull of Bruce shows a large or- 
gan of Cautiousness, and this feeling was a marked one 
in his character. 

Is a large organ of Cautiousness easily discriminated ? 

More so, perhaps, than any other. It gives a rounded 
and bulging fulness to the middle of the parietal bones, 
under which it is situated. 

Is this organ well established 1 

It is one of the best authenticated of the whole series. 
Those in whom it is large, have uniformly the feelinor of 
circumspection strongly stamped upon their character. 

What is the consequence of a small development ? 

Rashness. The person speaks and acts without think- 
ing ; and, if engaged in business, it is ten to one that he 
ruins himself. 

Is Cautiousness ever suddenly excited ? 

Often ; and the result is a panic. 

Wliat most powerfully excites the organ 1 

Sudden and imminent danger. Soldiers in battle are 
sometimes panic-struck, and take to flight from the vio- 
lent excitement of Cautiousness. Before a battle, it is 
more likely to be active than when the other faculties are 
fairly called into play by the heat of the contest. 

What good purpose is served by this faculty 1 

It keeps people out of mischief, and renders them pru- 
dent. A community in which the feeling did not exist, 
would soon go to destruction. 



51 

Is the organ ever diseased ? 

It sometimes is ; and the person becomes straightway 
the victim of the most miserable apprehensions. I have 
remarked that this organ is uniformly large in those af- 
flicted with hypochondria ; which, indeed, is a morbid af- 
fection of the organ. 

Is the organ larger in the female than in the male ? 

It is so, not only in the human species, but also in the in- 
ferior animals. 

Is the feeling very strong in any of the lower animals ? 

In some, exceedingly so ; the sheep and mouse, for ex- 
ample, are remarkably timid. Animals which prowl by 
night, such as the owl and the cat, show the manifestations 
of active Cautiousness. Some of the monkey tribe, when 
they go on a plundering expedition, place sentries to warn 
them of danger. The chamois, the wild goose, the crane, 
the starling, and the buzzard are remarkable for circum- 
spection, and act like the monkies in appointing sentinels. 

Does the size of the organ vary much in different na- 
tions 1 

It varies considerably. In the French head it is rather 
small, which partly accounts for the recklessness of the na- 
tional character, and the state of disturbance in which that 
singular people keep not only themselves, but all Europe. 
In the English, Scotch, and German head, the organ is 
large, and smaller in the Irish. Scotch prudence and Irish 
thoughtlessness have long been proverbial. 

SPECIES II— SUPERIOR SENTIMENTS. 

13. Benevolence. 

Wliere does this organ lie ? 

Immediately before the fontanel 32 (or opening of the 

32 The fontanel is at the meeting of the coronal and sagittal sutures. In the 
young child it is cartilaginous. From the time of birth it begins to contract, and 
is generally completely ossified and closed between the second and third years. 



52 

head, as it is vulgarly called), in the upper and middle 
part of the frontal bone ; and it extends downward to the 
top of the forehead. It is known by the elevation which, 
when large, it gives to the middle of the anterior region of 
the top of the head. 

Was a high forehead, before the time of Gall, stipposed 
to indicate benevolence of disposition ? 

There is reason to believe so. Shakspeare speaks of 
" foreheads villainous low ;" and the ancients, in design- 
ing their deities generally invested them with broad and 
lofty foreheads, thus indicating commanding intellect, and 
distinguished benevolence. The subject, however, was 
not philosophically thought of till Gall took it up, and de- 
monstrated that the sentiment depends upon a special or- 
gan of the brain. 

What effect on the character is produced by a large or- 
gan? 

The individual is distinguished by the kindness and 
mercy of his disposition. He is generous in his senti- 
ments, averse to give pain and uneasiness, charitable, and 
inclined to think well of every body, and do good to all 
his fellow-creatures. Some of the ancient philosophers, 
such as Plato and Socrates, are splendid instances of the 
beauty and power of this noble sentiment ; and a still more 
illustrious and perfect specimen is exhibited in the person 
of Christ, as recorded in the New Testament — a work in 
which the supremacy of Benevolence, Conscientiousness, 
and Veneration, shine with a lustre that will hand it down 
to every age, as the most sublime code that ever existed of 
morality and religion. 

What happens when the organ is very small ? 

The person is careless of the welfare of others, disoblig- 
ing and selfish. Unless he has some end to serve, it will 
be impossible for him to do a kindly action. Such a man 
can never be a true and disinterested friend. Moloch, as 



53 

represented in " Paradise Lost," is an instance of a total 
destitution of this faculty; and nearly the same maybe 
said of Shakspeare's lago, Moore's Zeluca, and also of 
Varney in the romance of " Kennilworth." Some of the 
Roman emperors, as Domitian, Commodus, Caligula, Ne- 
ro, and Heliogabolus, seem to have been as nearly void of 
the sentiment as we can suppose creatures, not absolutely 
denizens of pandemonium, to be. 

May Benevolence co-exist with great roughness of man- 



ner 



Nothing is more common ; but the general tendency of 
the feeling is to communicate sweetness to the disposition, 
and to soften the manners. Some people are absolutely 
ashamed of the Benevolence they possess, and try to [hide 
it under a rough exterior ; " rough diamonds" of this de- 
scription are occasionally to be met with. Dr Johnson was 
an instance of distinguished Benevolence combined with 
coarseness of manners — the fortiter in modo with the sua- 
viter in re. 

WJiat are the abuses of Benevolence ? 

The incapability of resisting solicitation is one ; whence 
the individual becomes the prey of mendicants and impos- 
tors ; he impoverishes himself to do good to others, and 
has his brain constantly filled with Utopian schemes of 
philanthropy. 33 

Have the lower animals this organ ? 

They have. In them it shows itself chiefly by tracta- 
bility and gentleness. A good tempered dog or horse can 
be known by the shape of the head. The celebrated race- 
horse, " Flying Childers," had a very low and flat fore- 

33 I know several individuals in this situation, and in the whole of them there 
is great height of forehead — in other words, a large development of the organ of 
Benevolence. The fanciful impracticabilities of Mr Owen seem to result from 
the immoderate action of this organ, combined with that of Hope, in excess. 

5* 



head, and his temper was extremely vicious. In the 
spaniel and Newfoundland dog, which are distinguished 
for goodness of temper, the organ is much larger than in 
the bull-dog, whose dispositions are naturally morose and 
savage. The roebuck, which is a mild -tempered animal, 
has a prominence, and the chamois, which is the reverse, 
a depression over the region of Benevolence. 

14. Veneration. 

Where is the organ of Veneration situated ? 

Immediately behind that of Benevolence, and directly 
over the fontanel. It occupies the middle of the top of the 
head. 

What is the nature of its faculty ? 

Veneration in general, or respect for what we conceive 
o be worthy of esteem or regard. When directed to the 
Supreme Being, it gives the tendency to religious adora- 
tion. 

This organ was large in the head of Voltaire ; why then 
was he an infdel? 

Because he was not convinced of the divine origin of 
Christianity. No man can venerate what he conceives to 
be false. Voltaire, however, venerated the Deity, in 
whose existence his intellect did not permit him to doubt. 

May a person believe in a particular religion, and yet 
have little Veneration ? 

Undoubtedly. Belief may be a matter of pure reason, 
though, in general, the judgment is swayed by the feel- 
ings. The merely intellectual believer, however, will 
never be a very ardent disciple of that religion in which 
his faith is placed. He may believe in a Great First 
Cause, without inclining to adore. 

Under what other forms docs the faculty display itself? 

In a respect for rank, for existing institutions, for antiq- 



55 

uity and for the ruling powers. It is the grand natural 
maintainer of subordination of the lower ranks to the high- 
er, and of the submission of children to parents and teach- 
ers. A person with this sentiment strong, is overawed in 
coming into the presence of those whose rank, or other valu- 
ued distinction, is greatly superior to his own. 34 

Some people are fond of collecting antiques ; what does 
this tendency arise from 1 

From Veneration combined with Acquisitiveness. The 
first disposes us to value the object on account of its antiq- 
uity; the second makes us long to possess it. People 
with small Veneration have little abstract love for any 
thing merely because it is ancient. 

Does Veneration display itself in the same way with 
every one 1 

No. It is directed very much by the other faculties. 
A man of high intellect and Veneration will venerate in- 
tellectual characters ; another with Veneration and Comba- 
tiveness, great warriors; and a third, with Veneration and 
Acquisitiveness, will venerate the rich. The two former, 
on beholding the cross, the hunting horn, or the bones of 
Charlemagne, in the church at Aix-la-Chapelle, will feel 
deep awe at the sight of these relics of so renowned a states- 
man and hero ; the latter, having no sympathy with valor 



34 "The faculty may be manifested in reverence for Jupiter, or the Lama of 
Thibet, or graven images, or the God of the universe ; for crocodiles or cats, or 
the Great Mogul, or Catholic priests, or Presbyterian ministers, or ru9ty coins, or 
a titled aristocracy, or the ornaments and furniture of a church. To those who 
have it disproportionately strong, the word ' old' is synonymous with • venera- 
ble ;' and in their view, no institution or doctrine, however hurtful and absurd, 
is, if sanctioned by antiquity, to be at all meddled with. They obstinately ad- 
here to the religious tenets instilled into them in childhood, and will not listen to 
arguments tending to support doctrines of a different kind. When, on the other 
hand, the organ of Veneration is moderate, and the intellect is acute and enlight- 
ened, the individual, unwarped by prejudice and feeling, regards only the intrin- 
sic merits of the doctrines and institutions which prevail around him, and shape9 
his opinions accordingly."— Phrenological Journal, vol. viii. p. 598. 



56 

and genius, will gaze upon them unmoved, while he would 
look with sensations of great respect, and even awe, upon 
Mr Rothschild. 

TVJien the organ is strongly excited, in what manner does 
it affect the character ? 

In producing keen religious or devotional feelings, ter- 
minating, sometimes, even in madness. 

People sometimes become religious all at once who never 
showed any thing of the hind before?* From what does 
this arise ? 

From sudden excitement of the organs of Veneration 
and Wonder. The individual has, probably, been placed 
in circumstances to call them into activity, as from hear- 
ing some enthusiastic preacher ; and the result is a vehe- 
ment fit of religion, which continues so long as the stimu- 
lus operates on the brain. 

According to this view, a person may become religious 
whether his organ of Veneration be large or small, seeing 
that a small organ may be stimulated as well as a large 
one 1 

It is only the predominating organs that are very likely 
to be excited ; a small organ is by no means equally liable 
to be acted upon in this manner, and when excited, does 
not give rise to the same intensity of feeling. If it were 
so acted upon, the person would be religious as compar- 
ed to what he formerly was, but still his feelings on this 
point would be far inferior in energy to those of another 
person, with a larger organ of Veneration in the same state 
of excitement. 

3") It also oftentimes happens, that in cases of serious illness, people become 
very religions, who, for many years previous, showed nothing of the kind. This, 
I boliovc, may often he accounted for, on the well known principle of cerebral ex- 
citement reviving lost ideas and impressions. The brain is stimulated by the dis- 
ease, and tho religious fcolings instilled into us in childhood are brought back to 
cheer the sufferer on the bed of sickness, and smooth his path to the grave. Va- 
rious instances of the rosuscitativo power of excited brain arc given in this work. 



57 

May a person have a great deal of religious feeling and 
yet not be virtuous ? 

Undoubtedly ; witness the instances of Louis XI, and 
Catherine of Medicis, both religious devotees, and yet 
most worthless characters. If the precepts, however, which 
a religion inculcates, are, in themselves, of a strictly mor- 
al character, the respect for their authority inspired by this 
sentiment, will naturally tend to make people more virtu- 
ous. The precepts of Christianity are of this kind, and 
when strictly followed, can only lead to sound morality ; 
those of some other forms of religion being depraved, con- 
duce to vice. The Hindoo who throws his child beneath 
the wheels of the car of Juggernaut, acts as much under 
the influence of Veneration, as the enlightened Christian 
who worships the true God. The difference consists in 
this, that, in the one case it is a misdirected impulse, in 
the other, it is guided by reason. 

In what sex is the feeling of Veneration most energetic ? 

In the female. Women are more susceptible of relig- 
ious impressions than men, and are always the first to be 
caught by new doctrines. They have also a greater ten- 
dency to respect rank, and are naturally aristocratic in 
their ideas. Few women are enamored of republican 
principles. 36 

What were the circumstances which lighted up the fires 
of Smithfield, and prompted the massacre of St Barthol- 
omew ? 

36 Some years ago, religious monomania was exceedingly common in the West 
of Scotland, among a class of people who went by the name of Rowites. These fa- 
natics were mostly young females, in the middle and upper classes of society ; and 
the extent to which they carried their insane ravings was most astounding. An 
enthusiastic young woman was the High Priestess of this sect ; her they suppos- 
ed to be divinely commissioned, and even gifted with the power of working mira- 
cles. At length she left the place, and the excitement ofher presence being with- 
drawn, the mania subsided. I agree with Dr M'Intosh in thinking, that a few 
weeks' work on the tread-mill, with scanty fare, would have cured of their fan- 
tasies the over-fed and idle young ladies who indulged in this egregious folly. 



58 

These horrible immolations of innocent persons at the 
shrine of bigotry, seem to have resulted from a diseased 
excitement of this organ, combined with great Destructive- 
ness, and a lamentable lack of Benevolence and knowl- 
edge. A weak or uninformed intellect, acting under the 
inspiration of morbid religious feeling, would make the 
perpetrators imagine they were doing a deed highly accep- 
table to the Deity ; and Destructiveness coming into play, 
and not being counteracted by Benevolence, would urge 
them on fiercely to the commission of these diabolical atro- 
cities. 

15. Firmness. 

Where is this organ situated 1 

Behind that of Veneration, on the summit of the head, 
to which, when very large, it gives a towering appearance. 

What is the nature of its faculty ? 

The name sufficiently designates this. When it is very 
large, the individual is distinguished for great perseverance. 
Whatever he undertakes, whether for good or evil, he pur- 
sues steadily ; and the general cast of his mind is firm and 
decided. He encounters misfortunes heroically, and en- 
dures physical pain with unshrinking stoicism. He is not 
to be turned from his purposes, but is rather apt to be un- 
yielding and obstinate. There are great differences in 
people as to their capability of resisting solicitation. This, 
other things being equal, arises from the different degrees 
in which they are endowed with Firmness. 

What results from a, small development ? 

Fickleness and infirmity of purpose. Unstable, unde- 
cided people are all deficient in this respect, particularly if 
Cautiousness be large. 

What is Obstinacy ? 

Obstinacy is an abuse of Firmness, and the result of a 



59 

great development of this organ with small or moderate 
Conscientiousness. A strictly honest man can never be 
long or wilfully obstinate, however great his Firmness ; 
the latter always gives way before what he conceives to be 
the dictates of justice. 

Is it possible to have too much firmness 1 

When the dispositions are naturally virtuous, and the 
intellect good, this is impossible, as the faculty in question 
only leads them more strongly and perseveringly in their 
natural current. When, however, there is a predomi- 
nance of vice, great Firmness may act perniciously by 
causing an obstinate perseverance in evil. 

In what character would you expect to find the organ 
large ? 

In those who show unshaken constancy and indomita- 
ble perseverance. It must have been large in Luther and 
Knox. Robert Bruce's skull shows a very great develop- 
ment of it ; and he evinced the feeling to a wonderful de- 
gree. It is large in those who manifest great determina- 
tion in crime, as Haggart ; and also in those whose steadi- 
ness in friendship nothing can shake. The firmness of 
Captains Ross and Parry is well known ; and the organ is 
very ample in the heads of those eminent navigators. 
The North American Indians are remarkable for their un- 
conquerable fortitude, and the dogged indifference with 
which they submit to the most horrible tortures ; in them 
it is greatly developed. It must have been very large in 
Marshal Ney, who possessed astonishing firmness of char- 
acter. 37 



37 I took a cast of the head of George Gamphell, executed at Glasgow, for 
murder, and found the organ very largely developed in his head. This man, 
both on the scaffold, and in the whole of his career, displayed indomitable 
firmness of character. In all obdurate criminals, the organ in question is large. 



60 

16. Conscientiousness, 

Where is this organ situated ? 

At each side of Firmness. 

In what manner does it influence the conduct ? 

By inducing sentiments of strict justice. He in whom 
it is strongly developed is a person of stern integrity ; he 
pays his debts, does what he considers his duty, and is in- 
capable of dissimulation or falsehood — adhering in its 
strictest sense, to the noble maxim of doing unto others as 
he would be done by. Such a man will rather die of 
starvation than steal — rather go to the block than violate 
the dictates of his conscience. He has a sincere and pe- 
culiar pleasure in acting honestly. 

What are the consequences of a deficient Conscientious- 
ness ? 

Lying, theft, hypocrisy, evil-speaking, dissimulation and 
general want of principle, are apt to be the consequences of 
such an unfortunate configuration, the propensities being 
left in a great measure unbridled. 

May a deficiency of the sentiment display itself in oth- 
er ways than in the commission of what society would 
deem crimes 1 

Yes. The not keeping appointments, the telling of 
" white lies," jilting, coquetry, professional quackery and 
humbug, writing impertinent and anonymous letters, puff- 
ing trashy books, giving false characters to servants, taking 
possession of another man's seat in the theatre or coach, 
knowing that you have no right to do so, and that it will 
put him to inconvenience 1 , are all breaches of honesty, and 
indicate a small or moderate development of the organ. 
Divul^in^r secrets with which we are entrusted, is another 
violation of the sentiment, frequently committed by people 
who would be very much astonished at being told they 
were not perfectly honest. 



61 

Is a deficiency of Conscientiousness ever consistent with 
the enjoyment of a fair reputation ? 

Nothing is more common. Many men who are not by 
nature honest, act honestly in matters of business, be- 
cause it is their interest to do so ; but such persons will be 
found constantly violating the minor branches of honesty, 
such as those mentioned, when no particular evil arises to 
themselves from such violation. Men previously consid- 
ered honest, sometimes become bankrupt under disgrace- 
ful circumstances, involving their friends in one common 
ruin, and recklessly sacrificing, for the purpose of saving 
themselves, every human being on whom they can lay 
hold. This is the result of small Conscientiousness. So 
long as things go well, the man acts with integrity ; but 
when he finds that upright conduct will only hasten the 
crisis of his fate, his small modicum of Conscientiousness 
goes to sleep, and he has recourse to every dishonest expe- 
dient to put off the evil day. 

What is remorse ? 

That distressful state of mind arising from outraged 
Conscientiousness or Benevolence, consequent on our own 
actions. If a man in an unguarded moment, does any 
thing of which either of these faculties strongly disap- 
proves, the pain arising from such disapproval constitutes 
remorse. 

Do all persons who commit crimes feel the pangs of re- 
morse ? 

They do not. Where Conscientiousness is very defi- 
cient, especially if Benevolence is in the same condition, 
they experience little or nothing of the kind. It is a great 
mistake to suppose that all the wicked are tortured by the 
pangs of conscience. Bellingham felt no remorse for the 
murder of Mr Percival ; nor did Hare for his still more di- 



62 

abolical deeds. 38 When such wretches escape the gal- 
lows, they are more frequently punished by the abhorrence 
of society than by any internal feeling arising from con- 
science. The mark of Cain is set upon them, and they 
walk the earth, outcasts from the human race. 

In what class of persons is an ample endowment of Con- 
scientiousness especially requisite ? 

No human being exists in whom a deficiency of this 
most god-like of all the faculties is not to be deplored. 
It is in a peculiar manner necessary, however, to judges 
on the bench, ministers of state, confidential servants, and 
all entrusted with onerous and important duties. Justice, 
in fact, is merely the manifestation of Conscientiousness. 

Can this faculty be abused? 

Yes, especially by weak-minded people. An honest 
man, for instance, if his understanding be so weak that he 
does not see the unjust tendency of an action, may persist 
in doing it, in the belief that he is really performing his 



38 William Burke, whose Benevolence was not so small as that of Belling- 
ham and Hare, though sadly overpowered by the predominance of his lower 
propensities, experienced the horrors of remorse to a great degree. He stated 
that for along lime after !he commission of his first murder, he felt it utterly 
impossible to banish for a single hour the recollection of the fatal struggle he 
had with his victim— the screams of distress and despair — the agonizing 
greans, and all the realities of the dreadful deed. At night the bloody trage- 
dy, accompanied by frightful visions of supernatural beings tormented him in 
his Bleep. For a long time lie Bhuddered on being alone in the dark, and dur- 
ing the nighl kept a candle constantly burning in bis room. Even to the last, 
he could not overcome the repugnance of bis moral ratme to murder— such a 
glimmer <>f Benevolence as be had, was always in his vi ay admonishing him ; 
and tin- be had to extinguish in the funics of whiekej before be was able to 
overcome its influence. He positively asserted that he could not have com- 
mitted murder when perfectlj sober. 

The following is an instance ol the absence of remorse. Many years ago, n 
wretch was broken upon the wheel at Lyons, for some atrocious murders 
which he bad committed. After having bis limbs broken to pieces, the mon- 
ster, just as be was expiring, laughed aloud, and upon being asked by the ex- 
ecution! r the cause of bis merriment, said, be could not help feeling amused 
at the recollection of the grimaces made by a certain spoon-maker, into whose 

mouth he bad poured melted tin. 



63 

duty. Another abuse of the faculty is an absurd adhe- 
rence to pernicious principles which the person believes to 
be right. Excessive remorse and self-condemnation, where 
there are no circumstances to justify such feelings to half 
the extent in which they are experienced, are also abuses of 
Conscientiousness. 

Do you affirm that all actions prompted by Conscien- 
tiousness are not necessarily just ? 

I do. This sentiment being a blind feeling, merely 
wishes to act justly without knowing what is just. A man, 
for instance, may think that his action will realize the dic- 
tates of justice ; whereas, had his intellect or knowledge 
been greater, he would have seen that the reverse might 
be the case. 

Is great delight experienced in the exercise of this fac- 
ulty ? 

Greater than perhaps from any other. " Honesty is its 
own reward." By acting in obedience to Conscientious- 
ness, a man may involve himself in poverty, or meet with 
imprisonment and torture; still the consolation derived 
from his own integrity of purpose supports him ; he is re- 
compensed by the approval of his cons ience, and rejoices 
even in the midst of suffering. 39 

11. Hope. 
Describe the position and functions of the organ of 
Hope. 

39 A beautiful instance of the power of Conscientiousness was witnessed 
by Dr Smollett. Walking aloag the streets of Glasgow, a beggar, in great ap- 
parent misery, solicited charity of the Dr, who, putting his hand into his 
pocket, gave him what he supposed to be a shilling, but which was, in reality, 
a guinea. The beggar supposing that a mistake was committed, ran after his 
benefactor and tendered him the golden gift. "Good God ! " exclaimed Smol- 
lett, on witnessing this act of integrity, " in what a habitation has honesty 
taken up her abode ! " It need hardly be added that the generous novelist 
made this upright mendicant keep what he had received, as a reward for his 
admirable conduct. 



64 

It lies on each side of Veneration, and its tendency is to 
produce the feeling of Hope. If the other faculties desire 
any thing, it disposes us to believe in the possibility of their 
longings being speedily gratified. A person, for instance, 
who is acquisitive, will have a strong hope or expectation of 
being able to obtain money, should the faculty under con- 
sideration be powerful. 

Does not this depend upon reflection ? 

No : for when reason tells us that the chances are all 
the other way, we often continue hoping, and console our- 
selves with the idea of ultimate success. 

JVJiat good purpose does this faculty serve ? 

It induces us to take gay and pleasant views of the fu- 
ture, and keeps up our spirits in the midst of misfortune : 
though clouds lower around us, we are cheered with the 
expectation of speedy sunshine. Mungo Park, in his des- 
olate sojournings in Africa, and Captain Ross, in his mis- 
erable polar solitude of four years, must have been power- 
fully supported by the influence of this organ. One of 
Hoss' men died of sheer despondency, which would not 
have happened had he possessed the sentiment in vigor. 
The strong hope of a reprieve has sustained the spirits of 
malefactors till within an hour of their being brought up- 
on the scaffold. Mary Maclnnes while under sentence of 
death for murder, never lost the hope of being pardoned. 40 

What is the result of a small organ of Hope 1 

The person is prone to despondency. He never takes 
cheering views of the future, and is surprised when any 

40 rn the boad of Campbell, already alluded to, the organ of Hope is well de- 
veloped, ami lie had the moBl perfect confidence of being acquitted, although the 
evidence against liim was irresistibly clear. This conviction of* escape, in t!io 
face of such evidence, would have been less si mm', had he possessed greater powers 
of reflection, but these being weak and incapable of appreciating i he effect which 
the evidence would have upon the minds of the jury, and the feeling of llopo at tho 

same time active, his astonish incut, at. being co'i vie toil, and his expectation o ac- 
qulttal are accounted for. (See Appendix.) 



65 

thing lucky occurs. People of this turn of mind are sel- 
dom disappointed, which is the only good that ever results 
from deficient Hope. In suicides, and those who view 
a future state with apprehension, we should expect the or- 
gan to be small in proportion to that of Cautiousness. 

Wliat are the abuses of Hope ? 

Rashness, credulity, and high expectations, not found- 
ed on reason. Those who " build castles in the air," 
gamblers, dabblers in lotteries, and in the funds, are all 
much imbued with the sentiment of Hope. 

What effect has Hope upon a person's religion ? 

It disposes to faith in reality of agreeable prospects held 
out, and to strong belief of a happy state of being, in a life 
to come. 

18. Wonder. 

Where is the organ of Wonder situated ? 

Immediately above Ideality. 

What is its function ? 

To inspire a love of the strange, the new, and the mar- 
vellous. It gives a fondness for supernatual stories, and a 
love of visiting mysterious and unfrequented countries ; 
and also disposes to the belief in witches, apparitions, and 
superstition in general. 

Is wonder the only source of superstition ? 

No. Ill-directed and excessive Veneration sometimes 
leads to the same result, especially when coupled with ig- 
norance and weakness of intellect. 

Mention a few individuals in tvhom you would expect to 
find the organ of Wonder largely developed ? 

Mrs RadclifT, Mr Coleridge, and the Ettrick Shepherd. 
The Mysteries of Udolpho, Christabel, and Kilmeny, are 
all strongly characterized by the sentiment of Wonder. 

Have persons who see apparitions, generally the organ 

large ? 

6* 



This fact seems to be well established. In the portraits 
of Tasso, who was visited by a familiar spirit, the organ 
appears large ; it is very large in the head of Earl Grey, 
who is haunted by the apparition of a bloody head ; and a 
crowd of cases have been collected by Dr Gall and others, 
which seem to place the matter beyond a doubt. When 
Gall first saw Earl Grey, he said to a friend who stood by, 
" That man beholds visions." These facts are curious, and 
apparently incredible, but nevertheless they are support- 
ed by powerful evidence. 

What are the abases of this faculty ? 

When too strong, it leads to fanaticism, superstition, and 
credulity with respect to the mysterious. The more mar- 
vellous a story, the readier is it believed by him who is am- 
ply endowed with Wonder. 

Is the organ peculiarly liable to excitement ? 

More so than most others. A fanatical preacher, by 
calling into activity the organ of Wonder, will infect with 
his zeal a whole parish. Such was the case with Irving, 
Campbell, and other well-meaning but deluded enthusiasts 
— to say nothing of the notorious Joanna Southcote. Dur- 
ing the persecutions in Scotland, excitemen of this organ 
seems to have been exceedingly common among the Cov- 
enanters. 

19. Ideality. 

Where does this organ lie ? 

On the side of the head, above the temples. Above, it 
is bounded by Hope and Wonder, behind by Cautiousness, 
and below by Acquisitiveness. 

What is the nature of the faculty connected with it? 

It consists in a taste for the graceful, the beautiful, and 
the sublime. 

What objects gratify this faculty ? 



67 

All things which partake of the above qualities. The 
savage desolation ofGlenco, the awful gloom and sublimi- 
ty of Chamouni, the graceful loveliness of Windermere, a 
beautiful woman, a lovely child, the Belvidere Apollo — all 
those objects stimulate the organ, and give rise to emotions 
of the grand or the beautiful. Painting, sculpture, and po- 
etry ; the loveliness of the moonlight hour, and the gorge- 
ous majesty of sunset, are all dear to him who is gifted 
with Ideality. 

In some persons, Ideality is most highly gratified by 
beautiful, in others, by sublime objects-. Whence does this 
difference arise ? 

Destructiveness and Cautiousness, in combination with 
Ideality, are conjectured to give a love of the sublime in 
particular. Where a love of the beautiful predominates 
over that of the grand and the terrible, the two former are 
probably of more moderate dimensions. Destructiveness, 
which seems to take an interest in desolation, may give Ide- 
ality a bias towards the dreary sublime, while Cautiousness 
appears to be an ingredient in love of the terrible. The 
subject, however, stands in need of farther elucidation. 41 

Will Ideality alone make a painter or a poet ? 

No ; but it gives the feeling for both painting and po- 
etry. To excel in these arts other faculties are requisite ; 
the painter requiring Form, Size, Coloring, and Construc- 
tiveness, and the poet, Language, to embody his concep- 
tions. 

Mention a few individuals eminently gifted with Ideali- 
ty ? 

Shakspeare, Milton, Spencer, Ariosto, Coleridge, and 
Shelley among poets ; Raphael, Michael Angelo, and 

41 "The Isle of Palms" by Wilson, is a specimen of the purely beautiful in 
poetry, while Coleridge's" Hymn in the Vale of Chamouni," contains much of 
the dreary, and Byron's " Manfred" of the terrible sublime. 



68 

Salvator Rosa among painters ; Thorwaldsen and Flax- 
man among sculptors. The works of these great men dis- 
play the faculty in all its vigor. 

What is the character of a person who has a great en- 
dowment of Ideality ? 

His language is generally elevated, his conceptions flow 
from him rapidly and eloquently, his conversation displays 
much richness, his illustrations are copious and varied, and 
he abounds in figurative language. This is peculiarly the 
case where the organs of Language and Comparison are 
also large. Ideality also gives refinement of manners. 

When the organ is small, is the character materially 
different ? 

Yes. The manners are homely. The person seldom 
or never uses poetical language. Grand or beautiful ob- 
jects do not strike him forcibly, or throw him into rap- 
tures. He is a plain, matter-of-fact man, who boasts largely 
of his common sense, and affects a great contempt for po- 
etry, and other imaginative productions. The organ is 
small in the heads of Locke, Joseph Hume, and Cobbett. 42 

42 Cobbett's remarks on Milton are ludicrously characteristic of bis deficient 
Ideality. "It has," says he, "bei'.ome of late years the fashion to extol the virtues 
of potatoes, as it has been to admire the writings of Milton and Sh.aksp.eare. God' 
almighty and all fore-seeing, first, permitting his chief angel to bo disposed to rebel 
against him ; bis permitting him to enlist whole squadrons of angels under his 
banners ; bis permitting the devils to bring cannon into this battle in tile clouds ; 
his permitting one devil or angel, 1 forget, which, to be split down the middle, 
from crown to crotch, as we split a pig ; his permitting the two halves, intestines 
and all, to go slap up together again; and become a perfect body; his then permitting 
all the devil boat to be tumbled headlong into a place called hell, of the local 
situation of which, no man can have an idea; his causing gates (iron gates, too,) to 
be erected to keep the devil in ; his permitting him to get out, nevertheless, and to 
conn and destroy the peace and happiness of his new creation ; his permitting his 
son to take a pair ofcompnsses out of a drawer, to trace the form of the earth ; al^ 
this, and, indeed, the whole of Milton's poem, is such barbarous trash, so outra- 
geously offensive to reason and to common sense, that one is naturally led to 
wonder, how it can have been tolerated by a people, amongst whom astronomy 
navigation and chemistry are understood. But it is the fashion to turn up the eyes 
when ' Paradile Lost > j H mentioned ; and if you fail herein you waul taste j you 
want judgment even, if you do not admire this absurd and ridiculous stuff, when, 
if one if your relations were to write a letter in the same strain, you would send 
him to a m id house, and tako his estate." 



69 

Is the faculty sharpened or blunted by old age ? 

Age impairs Ideality more than it does any other faculty. 
Old people seldom display any of it, although there are 
very eminent exceptions, such as Homer, Milton, Goethe, 
and Titian. 

Wliat are the abuses of Ideality 1 

Extravagance of idea, absurd enthusiasm, fiigbtiness, 
and a tendency to see every thing through a false medium. 
It requires strong reflecting powers, and much self-com- 
mand, to restrain the ebulitions of excessive Ideality. 

Is it a valuable faculty, and one whose possession is to 
be envied ? 

Judging from the present condition of society, I would 
say, that this is a doubtful point. Ideality certainly beau- 
tifies the mind, and gives rise to the most exquisite emo- 
tions; but, unfortunately, dealing, as it does, with much 
that is imaginary, its possessor is apt to become disgusted 
with the grosser realities he must daily encounter. The 
refined sensibility which the faculty, when very active, 
bestows, is perhaps rather a curse ; and the occasional 
happiness resulting from it, more than counterbalanced by 
the frequent outrages which it meets with. 

20. Wit. 

Describe the situation of the organ of Wit. 

It lies in the anterior, superior, and lateral parts of the 
forehead. 

What is the nature of the faculty ? 

It may be described as that feeling which gives a ten- 
dency to view things in a ludicrous light, and inspires the 
sense of the ridiculous. 

In whom would you expect to find the organ large ? 

In gay, mirthful, and facetious people ; in those who 
possess the power of brilliant and humorous repartee, such 



70 

as the celebrated Duchess of Gordon, Lady Wallace, 
Lord Norbury, Harry Erskine, and Mr Curran ; in such 
writers as Jean Paul, Sterne, Swift, Smollet, Voltaire, 
Piron, Rabelais, and Cervantes; and in such actors as 
Garrick, Matthews, Liston, and Munden. Caricaturists, 
such as Hogarth, Bunbury, Rowlandson, and Cruikshank, 
must also be well endowed with the organ. 

Dors Wit lead to satire ? 

It does, if combined with Destructiveness. 

Is humor synomymous with Wit ? 

It is not, although the best species of humor is that 
which is well seasoned with Wit. Humor depends greatly 
upon the manner; Wit, not at all. A witty remark is 
witty all the world over, by whomsoever made, while what 
is humorous from one man, may be quite the reverse from 
another, "The School for Scandal" is a comedy remark- 
able for wit : " She Stoops to Conquer " is as remarkable 
for humor. 

What results when the organ is small ? 

The person has a natural dislike to drollery. Those 
who deal in it he considers buffoons, and wit altogether as 
a piece of impertinence. He hates absurdity, and every 
thing which does not square with the most rigid common 
sense, 

Wliat are the abuses of the faculty ? 

An incessant tendency to laugh at every thing; an im- 
moderate buoyancy and ebulition of spirits, and an incli- 
nation to say witty things on all occasions. Rabelais 
joked on his death-bed, and Sir Thomas More on the 
scaffold ; proofs of the ruling passion being strong even in 
death. Wit is a most dangerous talent to be possessed by 
a badly disposed person. 

Are phrenologists agreed concerning the elementary 
function of this organ ? 



71 

No : some are of the opinion, that it merely gives the 
ability to perceive differences, and that this perception is, 
in certain circumstances, attended with the emotion of the 
ludicrous. The faculty stands greatly in need of farther 
elucidation. 

21. Imitation. 

Where is the organ situated ? 

Directly above Wit, and on each side of Benevolence. 

Wliat is its function 1 

To produce imitation in general ; mimicry is one of its 
most active results. 

Is the faculty peculiar to the human subject 1 

No. Some of the inferior animals are well endowed 
with it. The parrot, the starling, the mocking bird, have 
the faculty in great perfection, as well as the organ through 
which it is manifested. 

Is Imitation necessary for the profession of an actor 1 

Eminently so. The process by which the performer 
merges his own character in that represented, is effected 
by means of Imitation and Secretiveness. All distinguished 
actors are good mimics, even in the vulgar sense of the 
word. Such was the case with Garrick, Foote, Kean, and 
a multitude of others. Matthews, who was one of the 
best ever known, had a large organ of Imitation. 

Is it requisite for any other profession ? 

It is very necessary for painters — painting, especially 
portraiture, being, essentially, an imitative art. Dramatic 
writers require a large endowment of the organ. In the 
likenesses of Shakspeare — whether authentic or not — it 
appears greatly developed ; and so, also, it was in the head 
of Sir Walter Scott, whose writings are highly dramatic. 

Will Imitation alone produce acting or painting ? 

No more than Ideality alone will produce poetry ; other 
faculties are needed. The actor requires Secretiveness 



72 

and Ideality ; the painter, as already mentioned, Form, 
Size, Coloring and Constructiveness. Imitation, however, 
is a powerful element towards excellence in both depart- 
ments. 

Must a person with large Imitation be necessarily a good 
mimic ? 

No. This imitative talent may display itself in some 
higher walk than in mere mimicry, as in those above 
mentioned. It is probable, that a large organ of Tune 
adds much to the power of imitating voices and other 
sounds. 

Are not good painters frequently good mimics ? 

They are, and it proceeds from their large Imitation. 



73 



ORDER II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

What faculties are called Intellectual ? 

Those which make man and the lower animals acquaint- 
ed with the existence, qualities, and relations of objects. 
They are divided, though not quite accurately, into three 
Genera, — 1st, The External Senses; 2d, The Internal 
Senses or Perceptive Faculties ; and 3d, The Reflective 
Faculties. 

GENUS I.— THE EXTERNAL SENSES. 

Wliat are the External Senses ? 

Those faculties which, by means of organs in direct re- 
lation with the external world, are the inlets of impressions 
or sensations from without. 

How many senses are there 1 

Hitherto their number has been limited to five, viz. 
Feeling or Touch, Taste, Smell, Hearing, and Sight; but 
good reason has recently been shown for regarding certain 
nerves distributed to the muscles, and discovered by Sir 
Charles Bell, as having reference to a sixth sense — that of 
mechanical resistance. 43 

43 Each sense has its appropriate nerve by which the impressions made upon the 
external organs are transmitted to the brain. The eye has the optic nerve, the 
ear the auditory nerve, the tongue tin nerve of taste, and the skin the nerves of 
feeling or sensation. To enable the muscles to execute the mandates of the will, 
they are connected with the brain by the nerves of motion, which are every 
where distributed over then. Till very recently, these nerves of motion were 
supposed to be simple ; but Sir Charles Bell has demonstrated, that, in reality, 
each is composed of two nerves, bound up in the same sheath, but serving differ- 
ent purposes. One called the Motor Nerve, transmits to the muscle the nervous 
stimulus necessary to produce the desired contraction, and consequently motion ; 
while the other, that of the Sense of Mechanical Resistance, gives the brain infor- 
mation as to the state of the muscle whose contraction is desired ; thus enabling 
the brain to send to the muscle the exact amount of nervous stimulus necessary 
for accomplishing the intended effort. By " the state of the muscles,' is meant 
the existing degree of their contraction — in other words, the force which they 

7 



74 

Is it the brain which takes cognizance of impression? , 
or these external organs of the senses 1 

The brain undoubtedly. The external organs them- 
selves have no function but to convey the impressions to 
the sensorium. 

How is this reconcilcable with the fact, that when the 
nerve of sight is impaired, vision is destroyed, and that 
when the nerves of feeling are paralyzed the sense of touch 
suffers ? 

The cause is obvious, for if the communicating medium 
which carries the impression to the brain is destroyed, it is 
not to be supposed that the brain can receive the impres- 
sion. 

Docs the brain ever receive, by other means, impressions 
similar to those which are brought to it by the senses ? 

It occasionally does, but the impressions are false, and 
have no relation to any thing occurring without. Thus 
in consequence of some internal stimulus arising in the 
brain, the blind have sometimes a distinct impression of 
seeing, and the deaf of hearing. The brain, in such cases, 
is stimulated in the same way as by the eyes and ears 
bringing impressions to it, but those external senses being 
incapable of carrying such impressions, perceptions are 
necessarily fallacious. It sometimes happens, in like man- 
ner, that people neither blind nor deaf see apparitions and 
hear sounds that have no existence without. This occurs 
in consequence of the brain or nerves being affected by 
disease, in the same way as they are affected in health by 
external impressions. 



are exerting against awsisting body. Bee a very able and elaborate Essay by 
Mr Simpson, in the 43d Number of tlm Phrenological Journal, where the function 
of tlio Motor Nerve, and Nerve of Resistance, are clearly ami satisfactorily dis~ 
tinguirtlic.il and illustrated. 



75 

GENUS II.— THE PERCEPTIVE OR KNOWING 
FACULTIES. 

SPECIES I.— FACULTIES WHICH TAKE COGNIZANCE 

OF THE EXISTENCE OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS 

AND THEIR PHYSICAL QUALITIES. 

22. Individuality. 

Describe the seat and function of this organ. 

It lies in the centre and lower part of the forehead, im- 
mediately above the root of the nose. The faculty de- 
pendant upon it gives an aptitude for perceiving objects 
without any reference to their nature or the purposes serv- 
ed by them. For instance, two persons, one with a large, 
the other with a small development enter a room together ; 
the first notices every thing presented to his senses — the 
chairs, the pictures, the ornaments, and remembers accu- 
rately what he sees ; the other has little tendency of the 
kind. Objects do not strike him with any thing like the 
same force, although he may be otherwise a very superior 
man. 

Does Individuality confer any other remarkable qual- 
ity ? 

It gives the memory of things that exist. It recollects, 
for instance, that platina is heavier than gold, that salt wa- 
ter supports bodies better than fresh, that the tower of 
Strasburg Cathedral is very high, and so on. 

Does it give the memory of events that have happened? 
For instance, will it enable us to recollect accurately the 
adventures related in a history or novel? 

No. If we read Peregrine Pickle, it will enable us to 
remember that Jack Hatchway had a wooden leg, and that 
Commodore Trunnion was blind of an eye, but to recol- 
lect the varied adventures of these characters depends on 
another organ — that of Eventuality. 



76 

To what class of persons is a good endowment of Indi- 
viduality especially useful ? 

It is a valuable faculty to the botanist, the natural his- 
torian, the physician, the lawyer, and all who are obliged 
to load their memory with a particular description of de- 
tails. 

What is the character of those who have the organ 
large ? 

They are clever observant persons, with a great aptitude 
for remembering such facts as we have mentioned. No- 
thing escapes them; but they are often incapable of rea- 
soning upon the knowledge they possess, and very often 
shallow ; reflection and profundity depending upon a high- 
er order of faculties. 44 A man who has Individuality and 
good reflecting organs combined, will be both a quick ob- 
server and a deep thinker. Watt seems to have been a 
person of this stamp. 

Are nations variously endowed with this faculty ? 

It varies much in different nations ; it is smaller in the 

44 " I accompanied two gentlemen to see a great public work, r r in one of whom 
Individuality was large, and Causality small ; and in the other of whom the pro- 
portions of these organs were exactly reversed. The former, in surveying the dif- 
ferent objects and operations, put question after question to the workmen in rapid 
and long continued succession ; and nearly all the information which lie carried 
away with him was acquired in answer to specific interrogatories. His mind 
scarcely supplied a step by its own reflection ; and did not appear to survey the 
operations ns a systematic whole. The latter individual looked a long time in si- 
lence before ho put a question at all ; and when he did ask one it was, What is 
the use of that? The answer enabled his own mind to supply a multitude of ad- 
ditional ideas ; he proceeded in his examination, and it was only on arriving at 
another incomprehensible part of the apparatus that he again inquired. At last 
he got. through j then turned back, and, with the most apparent satisfaction, con- 
templated the operations from beginniug to end as an entire system. I heard him 
afterwards describe what ho had seen} and discovered that bo had carried off a 
distinct comprehension of the principles and objects of the work. It h proba- 
ble, that .1 superficial observer would have regarded the first as the acute, intel- 
ligent, and observing man of genius ; tho person who noticed every thing, and 
asked about every thing ; and the latter as a dull uninteresting person, who pat 
only two or three questions in all, tanked heavily and said nothing."— Combe'? 
System of Pitirmdiogy, 3d edition, p. 479. 



77 

English than in the French head, and in the Scotch small- 
er than in either. The quickness of observation and readi- 
ness in details possessed by the French, depend upon the 
ample endowment which the nation enjoys of this organ. 

Do the frontal sinuses 45 prove an obstacle to the accu- 
rate ascertainment of the size of Individuality ? 

In the case of adults and old people, where the sinuses 
are large and approximate closely, they do. The best way 
to ascertain the dimensions of the organ, is to examine the 
heads of young people before the sinuses are formed. 
Even in adults, however, deficiency of the organ can never 
be mistaken. 

23. Form. 

Wliere is the organ of Form situated ? 

On each side of the crista galli 46 of the ethmoid bone ; 
it gives width between the eyes, as may be seen in the 
heads of Vandyke and other artists eminent for portraiture. 

What talent does it communicate ? 

That of perceiving and recollecting forms. People dif- 
fer wonderfully in this respect. One man from taking a 
glance at an object will sketch it accurately ; another 
could not give a correct representation were he to labor 
for a month. It is a most material element in the talent 
for drawing ; it enables us to take likenesses, and is, in 
fact, absolutely essential for artists of every description. 47 

45 The frontal sinuses are two hollow spaces — one on each side — above the root 
of the nose, formed by the receding of the inner from the outer table of the skull. 

46 A small perpendicular projection arising from the upper surface of the eth- 
moid bone. The olfactory, or nerve of smell, lies on each side of the crista galli- 

47 At the disinterment of the remains of Raphael , some time ago, Horace Ver- 
net, the celebrated French painter, requested permission to take a sketch of the 
ceremony. This was refused ; but the artist was not to be baffled. Being present 
on the occasion, he took a keen survey of all that occurred, and in a few days 
from the mere force of memory — in other words from the power of his active 
form— he produced a very accurate and spirited representation of the scene. 

7# 



78 

In wliat nation is it large ? 

It is large in the Chinese, which accounts for the mi- 
nute, almost frivolous, accuracy of their delineations. It 
is large, also, in the French, and I should suppose in the 
Italian head. 

Does it communicate any other talent ? 

It gives the power of recollecting faces, especially if it 
be combined with Individuality; of this, George III was 
a good illustration. It also tends, especially if accompa- 
nied with an active Comparison, to the personification of 
abstract ideas, as that which represents Time under the 
symbol of an hour glass, or of an old man with a scythe in 
his hand : Innocence as a dove, Sin as a serpent, Death as 
a skeleton, and so on. Combined with Constructiveness, 
it enables milliners, mantua-makers, and tailors, to invent 
patterns and thus add to the varieties of dress. 

24. Size. 

Describe the situation and function of this organ. 

It lies over the inner angle of the eye, immediately 
above the root of the nose. Its faculty is to give the idea 
of space, and the power of appreciating the dimensions of 
objects ; in other words, the quantity of space which they 
occupy. It takes cognizance also of lineal space, or dis- 
tance. 

Would you not infer, that the function of this organ is 
involved in the preceding ? 

At first sight it may appear so to some, but Size is re- 
ally a different faculty from that which perceives forms. 
We may have a perfect idea of the shape of a body, and a 
most inaccurate one of its bulk. Ask one man the length 
of a certain log of wood, and he will tell you with consid- 
erable accuracy by merely looking at it; ask another, and 
he errs egregiously. This shows that there must be a 
special organ for Size. 



?9 

Is a good development of this organ useful to an artist ? 

It is, by enabling him to give each part of the represent- 
ation its proper size ; in other words, to keep the propor- 
tions accurate. To the landscape painter it is probably of 
great use ; the accurate perception of perspective, beino - 
supposed to depend upon it. To artizans and mechanics 
in general, it must be a matter of importance to have a 
correct, idea of Size. Those in whom the faculty is weak, 
will constantly require to have recourse to compasses and 
other measurements, for the purpose of adjusting the re- 
spective dimensions of what they are engaged upon. 

25. Weight. 

Wliat is the peculiar function of the organ of Weight ? 

This organ, which adjoins, and lies to the outside of 
Size, is supposed to give the idea of the ponderosity of 
bodies ; and, in general, of mechanical force and resist- 
ance. It is probably to this organ that the nerves of me- 
chanical resistance convey the idea of the state of the 
muscles. If it is largely developed, that idea so commu- 
nicated, will be proportionally vigorous. 

In whom is it said to be large ? 

In those who excel in archery, skating, quoits, and all 
who have great facility in judging of momentum and re- 
sistance in mechanics. It is probably large in the heads 
of skilful pugilists, such as Randall, Ward, and Belcher. 
I should suppose it well developed in such men as Ducrow, 
and in good rope-dancers. Children who walk early are 
supposed to have it large. It is well marked in the heads 
of eminent engineers, and all who have a talent for the in- 
vestigation of mechanical forces. Sir Isaac Newton, Sir 
David Brewster, Sir John Leslie, and Messrs Jardine and 
Stevenson, eminent engineers, afford instances in which it 
is strikingly developed. It is supposed by some, to give 



so 

the idea of the perpendicularity of bodies ; at least, several 
builders who possess this power in great perfection, are 
observed to have it large. This and the preceding organ 
are not so well established 48 as some others, and farther 
observations are still wanting to place thern beyond the 
pale of probability. The existence of the faculties seems 
unquestionable. 

26. Coloring. 

Where: is this organ situated? 

Exactly at the middle of the eye-brows, between the 
organs of Weight and Order. 

^Yhat is the nature of its faculty ? 

To communicate the perception of colors. 

What happens when the organ is very small? 

A difficulty is experienced in perceiving and distinguish- 
ing colors, and in appreciating their harmony. Such cases 
are often met with, and arise from a defective size of this 
part of the brain. Many people cannot distinguish brown 
from olive, green from blue, or yellow from orange ; while 
others, though not so defective as this, are unable to per- 
ceive harmony or discord in the arrangement or combina- 
tion of colors. 49 

48 When we say that an organ is not well established, it is not to bo under- 
Btood that wo infer, there is any faculty without a corresponding organ ; but 
simply, that phrenologists are yet undecided, whether the locality they have fixed 
on fur the organ is the ju>l 0110. If there be a faculty of Weight, there must bo 
an organ ; whether the organ which has been assigned as the scat of this faculty 
bo thoreal one, future observations must determine. 

49 I)r Nicol has recor.led a case, where a naval officer purchased a blue uniform 
coat and waistcoat, with red breeches to match the blue; and Mr Harvey describes 
the caso of a tailor at Plymouth, who, on one occasion, repaired an article with 
crimson instead of black silk, and on another, patched the elbow of a blue coat 
with a piece of crimson cloth. It deserves to be remarked, that our celebrated 
countryman, the late Mr Dugald Stewart, had a similar difficulty in distinguishing 
colorH, and the same remark applies to Messrs Ualton and Troughton. Mr Stewart 
discovered this defect, when one of his family was admiring tho beauty of the 
Hibcriun crab-apple, which ho could not discover from tho leaves, but by its form 



81 

May not this depend on indifferent sight ? 

It has nothing to do with this, because the persons so 
circumstanced have, as respects every thing else, as good 
eyes as their neighbors. Many people hear perfectly well, 
and yet cannot distinguish one tune from another ; it is 
the same with the eyes as regards colors. 

In what class of persons is this organ large 1 

In artists distinguished for coloring, as Rubens, Titian, 
Haydon, Claude Lorraine, and Salvator Rosa; and in those 
individuals who have a passion for brilliant and gaudy 
dresses. Those who are particularly fond of flowers, and 
of birds with beautiful plumage, have probably the organ 
large ; it is very large in Montreuil, author of the "French 
Florist." Poets, who are fond of describing the infinite 
hues and shades presented by nature, are well endowed 
with it. 

In what sex is the organ generally largest 1 

In the female. Women, as colorists, have rivalled men; 
while for design, and the higher walks of painting, they 
are very greatly inferior. The passion for gaudy ornaments 
is, besides, stronger in them than in men. 

Does the organ give a delicate taste in colors ? 

It is essential to the existence of such a taste, but Ide- 
ality likewise appears to be necessary. 

SPECIES II.— FACULTIES WHICH TAKE COGNIZANCE 
OF THE RELATIONS OF EXTERNAL OBJECTS. 

27. Locality. 
Is not a very large frontal sinus liable, as in the case of 
Individuality, to he mistaken fur this organ 1 

It may, and cases, doubtless, have occurred, where such 

and size. Mr Dalton cannot distinguish blue from pink. Mr Troughton regards 
red, ruddy pinks, and brilliant oranges as yellows, and greens as blues, so that he 
is capable only of appreciating blue and yellow colors.— Sir David Brewster's 
fetters on Natural Magic, p. 31. 



82 

a circumstance has led to mistakes ; but, generally speaking, 
the sinus does not ascend higher than the inferior portion 
of Locality; and in children, at any rate, a mistake of 
this kind cannot well occur, as the sinus, at that age, is 
scarcely ever formed. In the case of adults, no prudent 
phrenologist gives an unqualified opinion as to the size of 
this organ, except where the flatness or depression of the 
surface unequivocally proclaims it to be small. 

How may a large frontal sinus ie discriminated, in 
most cases, from this organ ? 

The prominences formed by the sinus are irregular in 
form, and generally horizontal in direction ; the elevations 
occasioned by large Locality are uniform in shape, and 
extend obliquely upwards towards the middle of the fore- 
head. 

What faculty is connected with this organ ? 

Locality takes cognizance of the relative positions of 
objects ; 50 it bestows a great aptitude for remembering 
places where we have once been, and a fondness for travel- 
ing. Persons who have it large seldom lose their way, and 
when they have once been at a place, can return to it with 

50 "An individual well known in London by the name of 'Memory Corner 
Thomson,' is remarkable for an astonishing local memory. In the space of 
twenty-four hours, find at two sittings, he drew a correct plan of the whole 
parish of St James's, with several streets belonging to the parishes of Mary-lc- 
bone, St Ann, and St Martin. This plan contained all the squares, streets, 
lanes, courts, passages, markets, churches, chapels, public buildings, houses, 
stables, angles of houses, and a great number of other objects, as well as para- 
pets, stones, trees, &c, and an exact plan of Carlton House and St James's 
Palace. He executed all this without the aid of any plan, without compasses, 
without books, or any otlier data, lie made; out also, from memory, an exact 
plan of the parish of St Andrew, and he offered to do the same with that of 
Bt Giles in the fields, St Paul's, Covetl t Garden, St Clement's, and Newchurch. 
If a particular house in any given street was mentioned, he would at once tell 
what trade was carried on in it, tbe position and appenrance of the shop, and 
its contents. In going through a large hotel, completely furnished, he is able to 
retain every thing, and to make an inventory from memory ; but a dialogue, 
on the other band, tli.a hi: may have heard, even two or three times, will be 
quite new to bun In tlio course of two or three daysS'—PhrcnologicalJournal, 
Vol. iv. p. 35G, 



S3 

peculiar facility. It confers a love of traveling and ram- 
bling about. 

In what class of persons would you expect to find the 
organ large ? 

In such men as Columbus, Vasco de Gama, Mungo 
Park, and Captain Cook; and, accordingly, in the like- 
nesses of these eminent men, it appears amply developed. 
It is large, also, in great geographers and astronomers, 
such as Malte Brun, Kepler, Galileo, Tycho Brache and 
Newton. Authors who describe, and artists who delineate 
scenery well, have, also, a large development. It is large 
in Tasso, Scott, Professor Wilson, Breugel, the lanscape 
painter, and in M. Jaubert, Professor of Oriental Lan- 
guages at the Bibliotheque du Roi, whose passion for trav- 
eling is excessive. 

Have the lower animals the faculty 1 

Yes. Dogs, by means of Locality, trace their steps 
homewards, even for hundreds of miles. The same faculty 
it is which directs birds in their periodical migrations, and 
the carrier pigeon in its extensive flights. The way, how- 
ever, in which it often acts in the lower animals, is very 
obscure, and, indeed, perfectly inexplicable. A dog, for 
instance, has been sent many hundred miles by sea, and 
returned over land to the very spot at which it embarked. 
There have not been wanting instances, where the faculty 
has operated on the human subject in a somewhat similar 
way, and without the concurrence of sight. Metcalf, the 
blind traveler, was an instance of the kind. This remark- 
able man, if once in a place, could readily find his way 
back again ; indeed, we every day observe blind men walk- 
ing alone, and in perfect safety, through the most crowded 
streets, guided, doubtless, in their gloomy path by the 
mysterious influence of Locality. 51 

51 " It is common," says Mr John Alston, in his Report of the Blind Asylum 
at Glasgow, " for adults who reside in distant parts of the city to come to their 



84 

What are the abuses of Locality ? 

An excessive tendency to ramble about, and a total 
incapacity for remaining long in one place. This is some- 
times so strong, as almost to amount to a disease. Such 
was the case with the Abbe Dabrowki, of Prague, in whose 
head the organ of Locality was enormously large. DrGall 
met, one day, at Vienna, a woman, in whom the develop- 
ment was so great as to amount to a deformity. In her, 
also, the passion for rambling was extreme. 

28. Number. 

Describe the situation and function of this organ ? 

It lies at the external angle of the eye, and when large, 
swells out the frontal bone at that particular spot, and like- 
wise, occasionally, gives the outer extremity of the eyebrow 
an overhanging and drooping appearance. The function 
is the power of arithmetical calculation. 

Mention a few individuals remarkable for a large devel- 
opment of the organ 1 

Zerah Colburn, the American calculating boy, George 
Bidder and Jedediah Buxton — all of them distinguished for 
their natural arithmetic — are instances in point. Playfair 
and Leslie, both of whom possessed great computative 
talents, had also large developments, and so had Wren, 
Inigo Jones, Hutton, Euler, and Kepler. 

Is this organ larger in some nations than in others ? 

It is. In the Negro and Esquimaux head the organ is 
small ; and these people are generally very deficient in 
arithmetical talent. Humboldt mentions, that the Chay- 

employments without a guide. In farther proof of their capability of walking 

without an assistant, a young hoy of fourteen years of age, whose parents resided 

six mile* from Glasgow, was in the habit of visiting them. He was accustomed 
to leave the establishment without an attendant, traverse the whole length of the 
city, finding bis way through the Callon, Jiridgeton, along Rutheiglen bridge, 
through that town and to his father's house. This ho did with as much correctness 
as if lie hud been in full possession of vision." 



85 

mas, a South American tribe, have great difficulty in com- 
prehending any thing which belongs to numerical relation. 
He says, that he never saw a man among them who might not 
be made to say that he was eighteen or sixty years of age ; 
and he adds, that the corner of the eye is sensibly raised 
up towards the temple. Wafer observed the same remark- 
able want of calculating power among the Indians at the 
Isthmus of Darien. 

Do great differences exist among individuals of the same 
country, as respects the faculty ? 

The differences are so obvious as to strike every one. 
Some men can solve, with little effort, the most difficult 
questions in arithmetic ; others can hardly manage the 
simplest, let them labor as they please. 

May this faculty co-exist vigorously with a weak general 
understanding 1 

Undoubtedly. Idiots are, sometimes, excellent compu- 
tators. 

Will a large organ of Number make a person a good 
mathematician 1 

No; other faculties are necessary, although Number is 
a very useful one. It was thought that some calculating 
boys, from the force of their arithmetical powers, would 
have excelled in mathematics, but the result did not cor- 
respond with the anticipation. As mathematics treats of 
configuration and space, or dimension, as well as of number, 
the organs of Form and Size are indispensable to eminence 
in that department. 

Is this faculty possessed by animals ? 
The point has never been correctly ascertained. Some 
philosophers suppose, that the magpie possesses computa- 
tion to a certain extent. Le Roy, for instance, supposes, 
that the creature counts three, while Nemours extends its 
8 



86 

talents, in this respect, as far as nine. Such assertions, 
however, must be based on little better than conjecture. 52 

29. Order. 

Where is this organ situated ? 

It lies between Coloring and Number, and is marked 29, 
in the bust. 

What is its function ? 

To bestow a love of order and arrangement. 

When the development is very large, how does it display 
itself? 

In punctilious nicety about the manner in which things 
are placed, and the order in which they are done. The 
person is annoyed by confusion, and apt to be dainty and 
finical. He is an ardent admirer of the well known 
maxims, "Say every thing in its proper way ; put every 
thing in its proper place ; and do every thing in its proper 
time." His minute love of arrangement is not less annoy- 
ing to those in whom the faculty is feeble, than their want 
of systematic regularity is to him. 

What is the result of a small development ? 

Indifference to order and arrangenent. Confusion and 
want of neatness give no annoyance ; the person is apt to 
be careless in his dress, disorderly in his household ; and, 
unless his conscientiousness be strong, unpunctual to ap- 
pointments. 

To what class of persons is a large organ of Order 
especially useful. 

To the mistress of a family, and particularly to domestic 
servants ; it is essential to keepers of museums, to garden- 

52 It is said that a dog must havo this faculty, because it discovers if one 
of its young has been removed; but this, as Spurzheim remarks, it may perceive 
from the want of the individual so carried away, without counting the number 
of the whole. 






87 

ers, and to all who have charge of establishments of any 
kind. 

Would you expect the organ to be very large in authors 
distinguished for the precision and order of their writings ? 

No; the powers of the organ seem to be confined to 
physical arrangement. Causality and Comparison are the 
chief systematizers. Such authors as Linnaeus, Mason 
Good, and Cuvier were probably indebted to these organs, 
and not to the one under review, for their great power of 
classification. 

30. Eventuality. 

Describe the position and function of the organ of 
Eventuality. 

It lies in the centre of the forehead above Individuality ; 
and gives the power of recollecting events and phenomena 
Books that abound in incident, such as Don Quixote, Rob 
inson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, and Roderick Random 
are characterized by marked Eventuality ; and persons 
who have the faculty strong, will remember vividly the 
occurrences related in such works. Such persons are 
considered clever in the common meaning of the term ; 
they pick up a knowledge of events readily, although it 
may so happen that they are perfectly unable to reason upon 
it, or turn it to any proper use. 

Does Eventuality assist in acquiring a language ? 

No ; but it will enable us to recollect any particular 
events recorded in that language. The power of acquiring 
language depends on a special organ. 

What does Inquisitiveness depend upon ? 

Upon Eventuality and Individuality in excess, generally 
combined with Wonder. If Secretiveness is conjoined 
to this combination, the inquisitive tendency will be still 
greater. 



88 

Will a person in whom Eventuality is large, be necessa- 
rily of an inquisitive disposition 1 

Not in the common acceptation of the term, which is 
usually employed to designate a species of impertinence. 
If his reflecting powers be deficient he will be apt to show 
a meddling, inquisitive turn about paltry matters ; if strong, 
he will despise this, and direct the faculty to the acquisition 
of really useful knowledge. Still, it is the same faculty at 
work, only in one case employed about trifles, in the other 
on matters of importance. 

You have already hinted at the distinction bchvecn Indi- 
viduality and Eventuality. Illustrate this point by some 
other examples ? 

Individuality concerns itself with what exists, Eventuality 
with what happens. Substantive nouns express the objects 
of the former, active verbs of the latter. When I say that 
Lord John Russell is a little man, that the Duke of Wel- 
lington has a Roman nose, or that camels have humps on 
their backs, it is Individuality which suggests these remarks; 
when, however, I observe that, after being challenged by 
Sir Robert Peel, Mr O'Connell contrived to get himself 
arrested, and then made a vow in heaven never to fight 
duels ; that the Houses of Parliament were burned in 
consequence of overheating the flues ; or that the Earl of 
Spenser rears the fattest cattle in England, then the obser- 
vations are suggested by Eventuality. 

31. Time. 

Where is the organ of Time situated ? 

In the middle region of the forehead, on each side of 
Eventuality. 

What talent depends upon the organ ? 

The perception of duration or time. It enables those 
who are well endowed with it, to keep time in dancing 



89 

and in music, to judge accurately of the intervals which 
elapse between given periods, and to conjecture the hour 
of the day with comparative precision without consulting 
the clock ; it is essential to good versification. People 
differ in all these particulars, and the differences depend 
on the degree in which they are gifted with this organ. 

Mention some other ways in which Time may manifest 
itself? 

In the accuracy with which a regiment of soldiers fires 
at the word of command, or goes through the manual and 
platoon exercise by observing the movements of the fugle- 
man. In those who keep bad Time in performing such 
exercises the faculty is feeble. 

What is the cause of the difficulty which some people 
experience in learning to dance ? 

An inaccurate perception of Time ; in other words, a 
small development of the present organ. 

Is the organ considered as established ? 

No ; it is only probable. The existence of the faculty, 
however, is sufficiently manifest. 

32. Tune. 

What function depends upon this organ ? 

The faculty which bestows the talent for music. 

Where does the organ lie 1 

In the lateral portion of the forehead, to the outside of 
Time, and immediately above Order and Number. 

Is it confined to the human species ? 

No ; birds have the organ and its accompanying faculty. 
It is distinctly marked in the nightingale, the thrush, the 
linnet, and other singing birds. It is larger in the head 
of the male singing bird than in the female, which accounts 
for the superior power of song possessed by the former. 

Is it not similarly marked in birds ivhich do not sing ? 
8* 



m 

No. Compare the head of the hawk, the crow or the 
eagle, with those of the tribe of songsters, and the differ- 
ence will at once appear obvious in the region of Tune. 

May not the inability of certain birds to sing, depend 
upon the organization of the throat, which may be so 
formed as to render singing impossible ? 

This objection has no force ; because whenever nature 
has bestowed the talent for any thing, she has, at the same 
time, endowed the animal with the apparatus for exercising 
that talent. If the raven had the cerebral organization of 
the nightingale, nature, which does nothing in vain, would 
have given it the vocal apparatus for song. 53 The hawk 
is a ferocious, sanguinary animal ; and it is armed accord- 
ingly with formidable claws, and a powerful beak, where- 
with to exercise its particular instincts. Of what use 
would such armory be to a timid creature like the dove ? 
or what would the hawk be, were it weaponless like the 
dove 1 In such a case, the lust for blood and thirst for 
destroying, which have been bestowed for the purpose of 
gratification, would be unaccompanied with any means of 
carrying these intentions of nature into effect. 

53 An ingenious friend has stated in objection to this, that some men have great 
mu?ical talent and yet cannot sing well, for want of good voice. Such an objection, 
however, is more specious than solid. The chief pappose of voice is speech, and man 
is not, like the nightingale, merely a singing animal, or like the hawk, merely an ani- 
mal formed lor destructive purposes. Supposing a man to have; a good development 
of Tune, together with an indifferent voice, it cannot be said that hi-; musical talent 
is thrown away upon him, and that, because he cannot sing, he cannot turn it to 
good purpose. Man has faculties which have enabled linn to invent and construct 
instruments, from which he draws music far surpassing in sublimity and beauty, 

that of bis own voice. I am not uware that vVcb > or Beethoven could sing well, 
yet what exquisite delight did not these men derive from their organ of Tune, and 
what wonderful works did it not stimulate {hem to produce ? Anol her consideration 
is, that while birds, by living in accordance with the laws of nature, have their 
functions, and among others the voice, in a compa cl condition, man, 

whose unnatural mode of life and disregard of the laws of physiology have tendod 
much to injure bis capabilities, docs not generally enjoy the vocal powers, which, 
had ho ucted in uccordanco with the organic laws, he piobably would have pos- 
sessed. 



91 

Is there any reason to suppose, that the British will ever 
equal the Germans and Italians in music ? 

Nons. The organ in the British head is decidedly 
smaller; so that, although an individual may now and then 
arise, capable of contesting the palm with the Webers, the 
Rossinis, and the Handels ; still, as a people, they can 
never compete with these nations in musical talent. 

In whom is the organ large ? 

In all who have a decided talent for music, such as 
Handel, Gliick, Weber, Beethoven, Rossini, Catalini, 
Pasta, Crescentini, and Gelinek. 

Would you expect the organ large in every good per- 
former upon a musical instrument ? 

No. A fair development, aided by an active tempera- 
ment, and great perseverance, may make a very good 
performer, indeed ; but one of the highest order, such as 
Paganini, Lafont, Dragonetti, or Nicholson, requires an 
ample organ of Tune. To eminent original composers, 
as Mozart, Haydn, and Auber, a large development is 
indispensable. 54 

Some people are fond of devotional, some of martial, 
and some of lively music. On what do such differences of 
taste depend 1 

On the state of the other organs. A -person whose 
Veneration and Tune are both large, will naturally prefer 
sacred music; large Combativeness and Tune will induce 
a preference to martial music, and so on. 

54 A lady incidentally, and without any reference to phrenology, informed me, 
that her female servant could not distinguish one tune from another, although 
her hearing was perfect. She farther mentioned, as an amazing circumstance, 
that the woman was constantly committing mistakes when the bells rung, as 
she was unable to distinguish the door bell from the dining-room one, although 
every other person in the family could do so with ease, so very different were the 
tones of the two bells. On examining the woman's head, I found the organ of 
Tune remarkably deficient, there being a flatness, or rather a depression in the 
site of the organ. I took a cast of her forehead, a copy of which is in the 
museum of the Edinburgh Phrenological Society. 



92 

Is the organ of Tune fully established ? 

The facts in support of it are so numerous, that this 
appears to be the case. The discrimination of the size of 
the organ is, however, so difficult, that, except in cases of 
extreme development or deficiency, mistakes are frequently 
committed in estimating it. This is particularly the case 
with sciolists in phrenology, who are apt to make a display 
of their skill more frequently with regard to this organ, 
than in relation to any other. In judging of musical talent, 
unless particular attention is paid to the training and ex- 
citement which the organ has received, error is very apt to 
be committed. Temperament, also, has a most important, 
effect ; and it ought not to be forgotten, moreover, that 
many persons sing and perform respectably, from little else 
than Imitation and practice. 

33. Language. 

What external sig?i indicates a good endowment of 
Language 1 . 

Generally prominence of the eyes, or their depression 
vertically. 

Where does the organ of Language lie 1 

On the posterior and transverse part of the upper orbitar 
plate, 55 immediately over the eyes. When the organ is 
large, this plate is necessarily lower than in other cases, 
and the eyes, consequently pushed forward and downward. 

What talent depends on this organ ? 

That of verbal memory. The person has a great knack 
at recollecting words; he acquires languages with facility, 
learns readily by heart, and is generally a great talker. 

May not a person be eminent as a linguist, and yet 

f>.-> The orbitar plates uro portions of t)ie frontal bono, from which they go off 
backwards nt rigbl angles, forming a roof to tho cyo, und supporting the anterior 
lobes of tho brain. 



93 

noway remarkable for the prominency of his eyes, in rela- 
tion to the forehead ? 

He may; and hence mistakes are now and then com- 
mitted by the inexperienced. If the organs of Locality, 
Weight, Size, Coloring and Order, be very large, and the 
eye-brows full and overhanging, the eyes will appear much 
less prominent than in other circumstances. 

Do prominent eyes always indicate talkativeness or 
verbal memory ? 

Always, except when the prominency is occasioned by 
fat, as is sometimes the case with corpulent people, espe- 
cially if they be of dissipated habits. These, however, 
are merely exceptions to a w T ell established general rule. 

How does it happen that very ordinary men so often 
surpass, while at school, those who turn out very greatly 
their superiors in after life ? 

This generally arises from their possessing a good devel- 
opment of Language, Individuality, and Eventuality ; 
especially the first. Men of great talent are often only 
moderately endowed with Language, while people, other- 
wise common-place, have frequently the faculty in great 
perfection. 

What results from a great development of the organ ? 

The person is a formidable linguist, or most insufferable 
talker, perhaps both. People of this sort have an absolute 
pleasure in hearing themselves speak. They are, literally, 
talking machines, and are rendered uncomfortable if not 
allowed to indulge in their favorite occupation. Their 
style of writing and speaking is apt to be diffuse, and to 
want condensation ; they can scribble whole pages, and 
talk by the hour, about absolutely nothing. 
What results from a small development ? 
Difficulty in acquiring languages — hence indifferent 
scholarship, a want of facility in expression, and a disposi- 



94 

tion to be taciturn. The writings of such persons contain 
hardly an useless word, so that they are often more valuable 
and interesting than the works of the other class. 

Mention a few eminent individuals in whom the organ 
was large ? 

Swift, Haller, Leibnitz, Cobbett, and Van Sweiten. It 
appears large in the likenesses of Milton, who was a 
distinguished scholar, and a great master in his native 
language — witness " Paradise Lost," which, as a mere 
piece of verbal composition, and without reference to the 
sublimity of its ideas, is, perhaps, the most perfect work of 
modern times. 

Is the organ of Language ever unnaturally excited ? 

In fever, mania, and drunkenness, this sometimes hap- 
pens ; the consequence of which is an inordinate propen- 
sity to talk, although the person may be, at other times, 
very taciturn. There have been instances where, from the 
excitement of the organ during the delirium of fever, a 
language learned in early life, but afterwards forgotten, has 
been recalled, so that the person could speak it fluently ; 
only, however, to be forgotten so soon as the excitement by 
which it had been resuscitated wore away. Cases where 
the memory of Languages is lost, from disease of this 
organ, are numerous. 56 



5G I know a case of this kind. A literary gentleman was actively employed 
for some months in the compilation of a French and English Dictionary. He 
performed his laborious task, hut at the end of it, so completely had his organ 
of Language been overworked by ils long continued exertions, that he actually 
lost the memory of words. Ilis knowledge of Greek, Latin, and French, which 
was very extensive, vanished from his mind, nor did he recover it till the 
energy of the exhausted organ was restored to its wonted power, by being 
allowed to rest. Some years ago, when laboring under a fever, accompanied 
with violent cerebral action, 1 lost, for some days, to a considerable extent, the 
memory of words, although in all other respects the mind was perfectly sound. 
If I wished a drink of water, I knew the thing which I wanted, but could not 
put a name upon it. 



95 

GENUS III.— REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

What is the nature of the Reflective Faculties ? 

To produce the quality of reasoning or reflection. They 
compare one thing with another, and trace the relation 
subsisting between effects and their causes. 

34. Comparison. 

Where is this organ situated ? 

In the centre of the upper region of the forehead, imme- 
diately above Eventuality. 

What is the nature of its faculty ? 

It enables us to trace resemblances and perceive analo- 
gies. Milton likens Satan's shield to the full moon, and 
naturalists speak of the analogy subsisting between animal 
and vegetable life. It is the organ in question which as- 
sociates these objects or qualities together, and traces 
similitude between them. Persons in whom the organ is 
large, will trace a similitude or affinity between objects or 
events, which would entirely elude the observation of 
others with a smaller endowment. 

Has it any other tendency ? 

It prompts to the use of figurative language ; similes, 
metaphors, and allegories, all result from Comparison. 

To what class of people is an ample endowment of the 
faculty valuable ? 

To poets, orators, preachers, and philosophical writers, 
in so far as it affords an abundant supply of imagery, and 
a wide and varied range of illustration. 

Mention a few individuals whose heads give indication 
of a large development. 

It appears large in Pitt and Dr Chalmers, and remarka- 
bly so in Thomas Moore, whose prolific power of compari- 
son, as displayed in " Lalla Rookh," the " Loves of the 
Angels," and other poems, is unsurpassed, or rather un- 



96 

equalled, Roscoe, Henry IV, Burke, and Curran, show 
also a large development. 57 

In what nation is it peculiarly large ? 

In the Hindoo, the figurative style of whose language 
is proverbial. We should infer, indeed, from this pecu- 
liarity of the oriental tongues, that the organ was well de- 
veloped in the heads of Eastern nations. 

35. Causality. 

Describe the position of this organ. 

It lies in the forehead, on each side of Comparison. 

What is its function ? 

It gives the idea of connection between cause and effect. 
He who is well endowed with it and Comparison, pos- 
sesses a severe and logical intellect ; he traces results 
from their origin, and is a sound reasoner. Men of this 
stamp are never shallow; they constitute the profound 
thinkers so rarely to be met with in society. 

Is this a valuable faculty ? 

With the exception of Conscientiousness, it is, perhaps, 
the most valuable of the whole series. It is the faculty 
on which mainly depends the intellectual greatness of 

57 I know a gentleman in whom the activity of Comparison is so strong, that 

it prompts him to compue sounds with colors, and names with phj sical objects. 
When a musical instrument is played, one tone seems to him to resemble blue, 
another green, another purple, and so on. The proper name, Combe, is asso- 
ciated in his mind with the figure of an urn, Simpson with an hour u'lass, and 
Cox with a saw. When this individual was attending l)r Gall's lectures in 
Paris, some years ago, the Doctor was so strut k with tin; appearance of the 
organ of Comparison in his forehead, that he pointed it out to his class, as an 
instance of the great development of that organ, having, at the moment, no 
knowledge whatever of the person, or the degree in which he was endowed 
with the faculty bf Comparison. I know another gentleman who has the 
Bame tendency to associate together the ideas of sounds and colorB, and these 
are the only two I ever met with. A case is related of a blind boy, who, on 
being asked what like the color of scarlet was, replied, thai it resembled the 
sound of a trumpet, in tins instance, it is possible thai the association of 

Ideas ma} have arisen from the boy being infor i thai soldiers wore scarlet 

coats, and that the trumpet was employed to call them together 



97 

Locke, Bacon, Gall, and other illustrious names. The or- 
gan was very large in the heads of these great men. Kant, 
Dr Thomas Brown, Fichte, Mendelsohn, and, indeed, all 
men of eminently philosophical minds, exhibit an ample 
development of it. 

To ivhat pursuits does the organ lead ? 

To abstract philosophical studies in general. A strong 
love of logic and metaphysics is one of its tendencies ; in- 
deed, no person can be great as a reasoner without it. 

Is it necessary in the physical sciences 1 

As necessary there as in the moral. Individuality gives 
us cognizance of facts, and Eventuality of occurrences ; 
but it is Causality, joined with Comparison, which enables 
Us to reason upon them, and turn them to proper use. The 
organ is large in the heads of Playfair, Cuvier, Guy Lus- 
sac, and other eminent natural philosophers. 

Is Causality necessary for historical writing ? 

Eminently so. Without this faculty, history would be a 
mere series of details, without dependence or connexion. 
The springs which moved the different personages, and 
promoted the different events, would never be investigated, 
and the whole work would present a series of effects with- 
out any suitable causes. The works of all great historians, 
such as Gibbon, Hume, Robertson, Lingard, Smollett, and 
Napier, display a rich vein of Causality ; nor can it be 
doubted, that the heads of these eminent men would dis- 
play an ample development of the organ. 

Is it necessary for poetry ? 

No ; but poetry is vastly improved by the interfusion of 
a philosophic spirit derived from Causality. The faculty 
reigned in the sublime intellects of Milton and Shakspeare, 
and prevails every where through their mighty works. 
There is a great deal of Causality in the writings of Pope, 
9 



98 

Dryden, and Wordsworth ; it gives a philosophic hue to 
poetry, without impairing its imaginative character. 

Does a person with distinguished reasoning powers al- 
ways appear great in general society 1 

No. Men with good perceptive, or knowing organs, 
often appear to much greater advantage than those with 
the higher powers of mind conferred by eminent reflective 
faculties. A shallow, smart person, would be thought far 
more highly of by the bulk of mankind, than a Kant, a 
Leibnitz, a Bacon, or a Spurzheim. Brilliant men are 
not often profound ; the circumstance, indeed, of a person 
appearing very great in a miscellaneous company, may 
generally be taken as an evidence, that his reflective facul- 
ties are not of a very high order. 

JVhat is the cause of this ? 

The reflective faculties of men, in general, are not 
strong, and they can neither appreciate nor comprehend 
profound reasoning. Good perceptive organs being more 
common, their manifestations are easily understood, and 
better relished ; whence quick, but shallow men, strike the 
common mind more forcibly than deep thinkers. 

What happens when Causality is small 1 

In this case the mind is illogical and inconsecutive. 
The individual experiences great difficulty in tracing ef- 
fects from their causes, and is incapable of any thing like 
deep and connected reasoning. 58 

Wliat arc the abtiscs of Causality ? 

An excessive tendency to metaphysical speculations, to 



58 From their feeble appreciation of the force of evidence, it is extremely dif- 
ficult to convince such persons of the tiuih of phrenology. This is especially the 
case, if with their deficient reflecting faculties they combine much S.df Estoem. 
To convince a shallow, conceited man of any one thing to which ho opposes him- 
self, is nearly an impossible task \ and, after all, such persons are not worth con- 
vincing. Much sound argument has been thrown away in reasoning with people 
of kbit description. 



99 

the neglect of the practical pursuits of life. Kant seems 
an instance of the abuse of this faculty. He is very often 
profound, but speculative and abstract, and often unintel- 
ligible. In his head, the reflective organs greatly predom- 
inate over all others. Causality, however, is far less likely 
to be abused than almost any other faculty, if we except 
Benevolence and Conscientiousness. 

Has Causality any influence on the formation of relig- 
ious belief? 

A very important influence, not inferior, perhaps, to that 
of Veneration and Wonder. Causality, enlightened by 
knowledge, leads mankind to infer a presiding First Cause, 
from the marks of wisdom and design which every where 
preents themselves in the material universe. Veneration 
prompts to revere the Being whose existence is thus in- 
ferred ; while Wonder is the source of that astonishment and 
admiration with which we contemplate His existence and 
attributes. 



100 



THE TEMPERAMENTS. 

What is meant by the Temperaments ? 

The Temperaments are certain states of the constitu- 
tion which are found to have a great effect on the energy 
and activity of the brain, and system in general. 

How are the Temperaments classified ? 

The pure Temperaments are four in number, the Lym- 
phatic, the Sanguine, the Bilious, and the Nervous ; but 
they are often found in combination ; thus we have the 
Sanguine-Lymphatic, the Nervous-Bilious, the Nervous- 
Sanguine, &>c. 

What are the characteristics of the pure Tempera- 
ments ? 

In the Lymphatic, the body is full, the flesh soft and 
flabby, the hair and complexion pale, the eyes expression- 
less, the pulse slow, and the person indolent, inanimate, 
loutish, and insipid. In the Sanguine, the hair is red or 
of a light chesnut tinge, the countenance florid, the eyes 
blue and sparkling, the muscles large and tolerably firm, 
and the spirits lively and boisterous. The Bilious is char- 
acterized by dark hair and coarse skin. The muscles are 
less than in the Sanguine, but harder; and there is little 
fat. Altogether, this Temperament possesses much ener- 
gy, and is the best for sustaining the system under great 
and long protracted efforts. The Nervous Temperament 
is distinguished by fine silky hair, pale complexion, small 
muscles, sharp features, and often delicate health. It is 
the most excitable and sensitive of all the Temperaments; 
but its efforts, though rapid and vivacious, are soon ex- 
hausted.™ 

59 " Who," gays Cobbett, in the third letter of his 'A-dvice to Young Men,' " is 
to tell whether r girl will make an industrious woman f How is I ho ptirMinrt 
lover, especially, lo be able to IrBCertain whether she whose smiles, ami dimples, 



101 

What is the character of the mixed Temper amemts 1 

This depends upon that of the pure ones out of which 
they are formed ; thus the Nervous-Bilious combines in 
itself the qualities of the Nervous and the Bilious, and so of 
the others. 

What Temperament is most likely to he found in combi- 
nation with another ? 

Those which most clearly resemble each other, are the 
most likely to be united ; hence the Lymphatic and San- 
guine, and the Nervous and Billious often go together. 
Sometimes, however, we find the most dissimilar in combi- 
nation. 

The state of the brain then is influenced by the prevail- 
ing Temperament ? 

So much so, that, in inferring character, the Tempera- 
ment requires always to be taken into consideration. Sup- 
posing a Lymphatic person to possess the same size and 

and bewitching lips, have half bereft him of his senses ; how is he to be able to 
judge, from any thing that he can see, whether the beloved object will be indus- 
trious or lazy ? Why, it is very difficult. There are, however, certain outward, 
signs, which, if attended to with care, will serve as pretty sure guides. And first, 
if you find the tongue lazy, you may be nearly certain the hands and feet are the 
same. By laziness of the tongue, I do not mean silence ; I do not mean an ab- 
sence of talk, for that, in most cases, is very good ; but I mean a slow and soft 
utterance ; a sort of sighing out of the words, instead of speaking them ; a sort 
of letting the sounds fall out as if the party were sick at stomach. The pronun- 
ciation of an industrious person is generally quick and distinct ; and the voice if 
not strong, firm at least. Not masculine; as feminine as possible; not a croak 
nor a bawl ; but a quick, distinct, and sound voice." " Look a little also at the 
labors of the teeth, for those correspond with the other members of the body, and 
with the operations of the mind." — " Get to see her at work upon a mutton chop, 
or a bit of bread and cheese, and if she deal quickly with these, you have a pretty 
good security for that activity, that stirring industry, without which, a wife is a 
burden instead of a help." " Another mark of industry is a quick step, and a 
somewhat heavy tread, showing that the foot comes down with a hearty good 
will." "I do not like, and I never liked,, your sauntering, so! t-stepping girls, 
who move as if they were perfectly indifferent to the result." 

The above is an excellent illustration of the difference between the Lymphatic, 
and the more active Temperaments. It is sketched by the hand of a master, and 
truth has guided every line of the pencil. 

9* 



102 

shape of brain of a Bilious one, he will manifest far less 
energy and activity of mind. 

What does this arise from ? 

The brain, in common with the rest of the body, par- 
takes of the functional energy or inactivity communicated 
by the Temperament. In the Lymphatic, for instance, 
the blood being sent with little energy to the brain, that 
viscus is naturally torpid in its actions. In the Sanguine 
and the Bilious, the reverse is the case ; the pulse is strong- 
er and quicker, a proof of the greater activity of the cir- 
culating system ; and hence the brain is more vigorously 
stimulated, receiving from this smart passage of the blood 
through it, superior activity and power of function. 

Does the torpor of the Lymphatic Temperament depend 
on any other cause than inactivity of circulation ? 

It is considered that it may, also, in a great measure, 
arise from the blood being of a more watery description 
than in the other varieties. At least, it is well known that 
in the Lymphatic there is a great predominance of the 
glandular system, and of the aqueous secretions. 

Does quality of brain correspond with the excellence of 
the Temperament 1 

There is reason to suppose that it does. The texture of 
the cerebral system is conjectured to be very fine in the 
Nervous Temperament, and the reverse in the Lymphatic. 

Does dissection demonstrate this ? 

In all likelihood it would do so, although the subject has 
not yet been sufficiently attended to by anatomists to en- 
able us to speak decidedly. This much is certain, that 
the texture of the skull is influenced by the prevailing 
Temperament, being fine and compact in the Nervous, 
coarse and open-grained in the Lymphatic. Moreover, the 
muscles arc firm in the former, and flabby in the latter. 

Do particular Temperaments prevail more in some ?ia- 
tio?is than in others ? 



103 

Yes. The Lymphatic predominates greatly among the 
Dutch, and to a considerable degree among the Germans. 
The prevailing Temperament in France is the Nervous or 
perhaps the Nervous-Bilious. The Sanguine seems to pre- 
vail among the Swedes and Norwegians ; and, combined 
with the Nervous, among the Irish. 

What does genius arise from ? 

From an ample development of the intellectual organs, 
accompanied with a healthy brain and fine Temperament. 
The Nervous and Bilious, or a mixture of them, are in a 
particular manner the Temperaments of genius. Great 
genius, however, may accompany the Sanguine Tempera- 
ment. Such is the case with Professor Wilson. It is dif- 
ficult to conceive a purely Lymphatic person of distin- 
guished genius. 

Give illustrations of some of the Temperaments-. 

The Temperament of Pope, Voltaire, Keats, Kirke 
White, and Cowper, was evidently pure Nervous — that of 
Milton probably a mixture of the Nervous and Bilious — 
that of Shakspeare and Raphael, of the Nervous and San- 
guine — and that of Julius Caesar, Oliver Cromwell, and 
Wellington, of the pure Bilious. Alcibiades and Achilles, 
seem to have been illustrations of the pure Sanguine, and 
Benjamin Franklin of the Sanguine-Bilious. The Tem- 
perament of Gall was Nervous-Billious ; that of Spurz- 
heim Bilious-Lymphatic. These facts we infer from what 
we know of the individuals by their actions and writings ; 
and by their portraits, where these exist. 

Does not this doctrine of the Temperaments throw great 
obstacles in the way of predicating character ? 

It does not ; for a knowledge of quality of brain is as 
much one of the phrenological conditions, as that of quan- 
tity. A true phrenologist always calculates the effect 
which Temperament produces, seeing that on this, the 



104 

quality of the cerebral texture seems chiefly to depend. 
In estimating the strength of two men, we do not judge 
absolutely by their size; the one who is least in dimen- 
sions, may yet possess the greatest energy in his muscular 
system. If, however, the muscles of the large man are 
not only bulkier, but of equal quality, as respects firmness 
and stamina, he must needs be the more athletic of the 
two. Other things being equal, the larger the muscles or 
brain, the greater will be the power possessed by them. 
A large lymphatic brain will display more vigor than a 
small one, although less than that of a brain acted on by 
more energetic Temperaments. 



105 



MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 

What faculties first display themselves ? 

The propensities, with one exception — that of Amative- 
ness, which is the organ that last manifests the faculty be- 
longing to it. 60 

TVkether do the Perceptive or the Reflective organs act 
earliest ? 

The Perceptive ; children soon begin to notice objects, 
but a long time elapses before they can reason upon them, 
or trace their relations. 

Are the organs generally contiguous whose functions 
hear some resemblance to each other ? 

They are. Thus Causality and Comparison, which 
have a strong analogy in their functions, are contiguous. 
The same is the case with Ideality and Wonder, with 
Time and Tune, with Combativeness and Destructiveness, 
with Adhesiveness and Philoprogenitiveness, and so on. 
This curious collocation of parts bearing a functional re- 
semblance, is a very strong evidence in confirmation of 
phrenology. 

~W7iat is the cause of mental precocity 1 

Premature development or excitement of the intellect- 
ual organs. 

What gives rise to such prematurity 1 

It is difficult to say, but it seems to be connected in gen- 
eral with a high Nervous Temperament. Lymphatic or 
Bilious children are seldom precocious. Precocity ispecu- 

60 Amativeness is of late development. The same remark applies to the moral 
and intellectual organs, which acquire a considerable increase about the age of 
puberty. " It is now for the first time, that youth begins to feel strongly the im- 
pulse of moral obligation, and place a first estimate on moral conduct. Hence 
they are now recognized in judicial proceedings as moral agents. And hence, it 
is by no means uncommon for boys who had been previously vicious and unman- 
ageable, to become correct and HocWQ.^—PhrenologicalJour'nal, p. 497, vol. vii. 



106 

liarly common among the scrofulous, rickety, 61 and con- 
sumptive. These states of constitution are accompanied 
with an irritable state of frame, which extends its influ- 
ence to the brain, and thus causes a premature manifesta- 
tion of its functions. 

Why do precocious children generally turn out very 
ordinary as adults 1 

It is a law of nature, that when an organ is vehemently 
exercised, before acquiring full consistency and strength, 
its functions become impaired. A horse sent to the turf 
very young has its constitution often ruined, and the same 
is the case with youthful prize-fighters and recruits ; the 
brain is no exception to the general rule. 

Ought the mind of a child who exhibits marks of early 
genius, to be much exercised ? 

Quite the reverse. We ought to consider the brain of 
such a child as in a state of unnatural excitement bordering 
on disease ; and if it be fond of thinking or studying much, 
the habit ought rather to be checked than encouraged. If 
we work the brain much, it is ten to one that it gets dis- 
eased, and the child is either cut off early, or lives to be> 
for ever after, a very common-place person, perhaps a block- 
head. Hydrocephalus, or water in the head, is sometimes 
produced in children by over exertion of the brain. 6 - 

Docs the same rule apply to dull children ? 

Gl "Rickety children," says M. Monfulcon, "have minds active and penetrat- 
ing; their wit is astonishing ; they are susceptible of lively passions, and have 
perspicacity which does not belong to their age. Their brains enlarge in the 
Bame manner us the cranium does." "This wonderful imagination, this judg- 
ment, this premalure mental power H hich rickets occasion, has hut a short dura- 
tion. The intellectual faculties are soon exhausted hy the precocity and energy 
of this development."— Dictummtire dea Sciences Medicates, vol. xlvi. 

02 An American physician, Dr Brigham, has published a little work which 
throws a Hood of light upon (his important subject. A reprint of it was recently 
nmdo hy Messrs Re id &c Co., booksellers, Glasgow, to which I added a variety of 
notes. I know few works of the present day calculated to do more good than that 
of Dr Bri-'ham's " Influence of Mental Cultivation on Health." 



107 

Not so powerfully. The minds of these children ought 
to be exercised so as to give health to, and stimulate the 
brain ; they need the spur instead of the bridle. Even 
here, however, there is a limit which it is dangerous to 
transgress. The brain of no child whatever ought to be 
much worked ; moderate exercise is all that should be 
attempted. Very great evils result from school education 
being too severe and too early begun. 

How happens it that dull children often turn out very 
clever 1 

From the fact, that in some individuals the intellectual 
i organs are slow of reaching maturity, either from late 
growth or late excitement. Some minds are very late of 
being evolved. Gesner, the Swiss Poet, was, at the age of 
ten years, declared by his preceptors incapable of any 
attainment; and Swift, Thomson, Sir Walter Scott, and 
j Dr Johnson, were very dull lads. 

From what parent do children chiefly derive their quali- 
; ties ? 

In color and form, the father, if these are in him very 

strong, transmits a greater share of his qualities, apparently 

i because he is frequently before the mother, and thus im- 

a presses her strongly with the idea of them ; but in giving 

i temperament and shape of brain, the mother's influence 

seems to be the greatest. Hence a clever woman and an 

i ordinary man, are more likely to have talented children 

i than the converse. Men of genius generally marry dull 

1 women — hence their children are often dull. 63 Another 

reason is, that such men frequently infringe the organic 

laws, by overworking their brains, and not studying the 

i rules of health sufficiently ; defective brains are in this 

[ way transmitted to their children. 

63 If both parents are talented, there is every chance of the children heingso. 
The union of Godwin and Mary Wolstoncroft, produced Mrs Shelley, the dis- 
tinguished author of Frankenstein ; and many other examples might be adduced. 



108 

W7iy are tliejlrst-born of parents who marry very young 
generally inferior in intellect to those that come afterward? 

Parents communicate their qualities of brain to offspring. 
A child produced at a time when the cerebral system of its 
father and mother is still immature, partakes of the defect 
and retains it through life. 64 

TYIiat is the best plan for insuring, as far as possible, 
a good brain to our offspring ? 

The first great point is obedience to the organic laws of 
marriage, which command us to choose for partners only 
such as have a good cerebral organization. The next is 
ample nourishment in childhood, with considerable bodily 
and moderate mental exercise. 

In which sex do the faculties soonest reach maturity 1 

In the female. Woman attains her full stature and 
proportions earlier than man ; and the same law prevails 
also with regard to the manifestations of her mind. 



64 I confess myself a participator in the vulgar belief that impressions made 
upon the mother's mind during pregnancy may affect I lie offspring. There are 
many cases to prove this. AJr Bennett relates a very striking one in the 
"London .Medical and Physical Journal." A woman gave birth to a child 
with a large cluster of globular tumors growing from the tongue, and prevent- 
ing the closure of the mouth, in color, shape, and size exactly resembling our 
com in on grapes; and with a red exc rose nee from the chest as exactly resembling 
in figure 1 and general appearance a turkey's wattles. <>n being questioned, 
before the child was shown her, she answered that, while pregnant, she bad 
seen so n intensely for them, and constantly tfa lught of them, 

and once \\ as at) ick< d by a turkey cot k. James VI. oi Scotland, hail a great 
abhorrence of a drawn sword, and was, withal, timid and cowardly; which 
difference of < h tracter from that of all the line of Stew irt \\ liich preceded and 
followed Inm. has been attributed, not irrationally , to the circumstance of Uiz- 
zio having been butchered before the eyes of Q,iteen Mary, then enoi&nte with 
the future monarch. According to EtequH-ol, the children whose existence 
dated from the bmrors of the tir.-t French Revolution turned out to be weak, 
. and irritable in mind, extremely susceptible of Impressions, and liable 

to be thrown, hy the least extraordinary excitement into absolute insanity. 

The Btorj "i Jacob and the rods, as related in ihe 30th chapterof Genesis, is a 
proof of the belief in ancient time that parental impressions may affect the 
off-pimg. 



109 

Is mental maturity attained at the same age in all 
nations ? 

No. In the tropics this occurs several years earlier than 
in the colder regions, 

Has size of brain any effect upon the voice ? 

It has, especially if the organs of Firmness, Combative^ 
ness and Destructiveness are large. Large-brained people 
have generally a loud, energetic pronunciation — small- 
brained the reverse. 

Why are certain individuals much liked by some and hated 
by others ? 

Individuals with large organs of Benevolence, Self-Es* 
teem, and Destructiveness, will be objects of love or 
aversion according to the dispositions of those they asso- 
ciate with. If they come in contact with people who are also 
largely endowed with the two latter organs, they will proba- 
bly be disliked, from the almost necessary collision of facul- 
ties which must ensue betwixt the parties. Meeting with 
persons in whom the organs in question are small, or only 
moderately developed, no such collision takes place; and 
their Benevolence having uninterrupted sway, comes into 
operation, and attracts towards themselves the kindly feel- 
ings of those persons. 

Some people are characterized by strong and permanent 
likings and antipathies. What is the cause of this ? 

It arises mainly from a great development of Destruc- 
tiveness and Firmness. If they take a liking to any person, 
the former gives it warmth, and the latter endurance ; and 
the same with regard to their antipathies. When the 
moral sentiments, however, are favorably developed, such 
conduct will not be frequent. 

A servant has been under two mistresses. One esteems 
her a person of excellent temper, the other quite the reverse ; 
how are such discrepancies to be accounted for ? 
10 



110 

They arise, undoubtedly, from the different constitution of 
mind possessed by each mistress. If the servant is destruc- 
tive, and the mistress the same, the hasty temper of the 
former, will probably often appear ; if the mistress is of a 
mild disposition, the organ of Destructiveness in the servant 
will not be called into activity, and she will be regarded 
by her employer as possessed of a very good temper. 

What does this teach us ? 

It teaches us that in selecting servants, care should be 
taken to procure those whose dispositions will accord with 
our own. By neglecting this obvious rule, quarrels are 
perpetually occurring, and a great deal of domestic annoy- 
ance is the result. 

Does it teach any thing else 1 

It does, and something still more important. If a man, 
for instance, with large Destructiveness, Combativeness 
and Firmness, marries a woman similarly organized, there 
is a great chance of unhappiness, unless the parties have 
the most admirable prudence and self-command. Common 
observation points out the consequences of such ill-assorted 
unions. 

If a woman with a large active brain, marries a man 
inferior in this respect to herself what is likely to ensue 1 

She will rule her husband. As already mentioned, a 
large brain acquires an ascendancy over a small one. 

How is this rcconcilcablc with the well known fact, that 
weak women sometimes rule men greatly superior to them- 
selves in intellect and force of character ? 

Such men will often give way in trifling matters to their 
wives for the sake of peace, but not in affairs of real im- 
portance. A sensible man will not run the risk of quar- 
relling with a silly woman, when, by yielding in things of no 
great moment, he can keep her quiet. Independent of this, 
strong minded men are often very much attached to their 



Ill 

wives, however much inferior to themselves ; and are natu- 
rally not indisposed to gratify their whimsicalities. When a 
man, intellectually superior to his wife, is ruled and over- 
awed by her, it will be found that he is her inferior in the 
energy of the propensities. These, when large or active, 
give force to the character, and a natural predominance to 
the individual over others more highly gifted with intellect, 
but with feebler propensities. Such, sometimes, is the 
secret of female sway over minds intellectually superior to 
their own. 

Why is the love of parents towards their children almost 
always greater than that of children towards their parents ? 

Because in the first case both Adhesiveness and Philo« 
progenitiveness come into operation, whereas in the second 
it is Adhesiveness alone that is gratified. 

What does eccentricity arise from ? 

From a want of due balance in the faculties. If one 
organ or more, is large in proportion to the others, or in a 
state of high activity, it will produce that irregularity of 
character to which the term eccentric is applied. Eccen- 
tricity frequently degenerates into madness. 

Some persons possess an unbounded flow of animal 
spirits, and a hilarity which nothing can subdue ; from 
what does this proceed 1 

From great activity of brain, accompanied often with 
deficient prudence and reflection, and a large development 
of Hope, Ideality, and Wit. 

What is the cause of such activity of brain ? 

It is constitutional, and generally accompanied with a 
high Sanguineous Temperament. 

When an organ is much exercised, have we ever pain in 
the site of it 1 

Very often. Hard-thinking produces a sense of fulness 
or pain in the forehead, the seat of the reflecting organs. 



112 






In excitement of Amativeness, there is frequently a sense 
of heat at the nape of the neck. When there exists a 
strong desire to travel, pain is sometimes felt in the 
region of Locality, 65 and in cases of spectral illusions over 
the perceptive organs. 

What is the cause of spectral illusions ? 

These phenomena depend on a morbidly excited state 
of some of the perceptive organs such as Form, Size, or 
Color ; whence images are presented to the mind without 
the cooperation of the external senses. If the organ of * 
Form, for instance, becomes as strongly stimulated by 
some internal cause as it would be by an object presented 
to it by the eyes, some image or other will be formed, and 
the person will actually believe he sees what, in reality, 
has no existence. Morbid affections of the nerves of si.o-ht 

o 

seem to have the same influence in producing spectral 
illusions. 

Is the feeling of hunger experienced, strictly speaking, 
in the stomach ? 

No. The term "craving of the stomach," so often used 
to express hunger, is not in reality correct. The brain is 
the craver, and is excited to a craving state only by empti- 
ness of the stomach, unless the organ of Alimentiveness be 
so large, or so stimulated by some internal morbid action 
as to need no such excitement; or unless disease be present 



65 "A voting lady," says Dr. Gall, " had, always a great desire to travel. She 
i.n her father's house with an officer. Grief and remorse undermined her 
health. 1 attended her, and she made me remark two large prominences which, 
she said, the pain b!io had endured had caused to grow on her forehead. These- 
e.xcrescenu s which appeared to her the consoquonces of divine wrath, were in fact 
the organ of Locality, to which she had never paid any attention." To this I 
may add, that a lady of my acquaintance, in whom the organ of Philoprogenitive- 
rery largely developed even for a woman, and whose love of children i.-j 

informs me that when distressed or anxious about her family she e.\peri- 
lin at the hack of the head, just, over the seat of the organ, lleut in the. 
nape of the neck is a Common attendant of excited Amativeness. 



113 

in the stomach, so as to transmit to the brain the sensation 
which, during health, is transmitted by inanition alone. 

People are sometimes afflicted with imaginary voices 
speaking to them ; can you account for this ? 

It may be explained in the same way as apparitions. 
There are unquestionably certain parts of the brain which 
take cognizance of sounds : we call the nerve of the ear 
the organ of hearing, but strictly speaking it is not ; it is 
merely the medium for conveying sounds to the brain, 
where the true organ resides. Now, suppose that the 
portion of the brain appropriated to this sense is stimulated 
by some internal cause, in the same way as it is by real 
sounds conveyed to it by the nerve, the person will have 
the idea that he hears, and that often as distinctly as if 
subjected to the stimulus of actual noise. Fanatics and 
deranged people sometimes imagine they hear angels, and 
even the Deity speaking to them ; and persons perfectly 
deaf have at times sensations as of voices addressing them, 
just as the blind are occasionally haunted by spectral illu- 
sions. All these phenomena are explicable on the princi- 
ples just mentioned. 
What are dreams 1 

Dreams are merely spectral illusions, with this difference, 
that in the former only certain of the organs are vivified by 
the internal stimulus, while the rest are asleep ; whereas, 
in the latter, these are all in the usual waking state. — 
When I see a ship sailing, in a dream, the organs of 
Form, Coloring, &c. are stimulated from some internal 
cause, as they are in spectral illusions. 

How does it happen that people of weak intellect some- 
times display considerable powers of mind during an attack 
of fever or inflamed brain ? 

It is to be accounted for from the organs of the brain 
being stimulated by the excitement of the disease ; whence 
10* 



114 

the faculties connected with these organs display unusual 
force, and an intellectual energy is exhibited, of which, at 
other times, the person gives no indications. As soon, 
however, as the disease is removed the stimulus communi- 
cated by it to the organs ceases, and the customary state of 
imbecility returns. 

Explain why forgotten events are sometimes brought 
back to the mind in dreams. 

This is explicable on the same principle. During the 
dream, certain portions of the brain which bear a relation 
to the forgotten event are stimulated, and a resuscitation 
of it is the consequence. A man, for instance, hides or 
mislays money, and forgets where : but the brain being 
excited, the circumstance is vividly recalled ; and if he 
be ignorant, as generally happens, of the cause of this 
phenomenon, he straightway infers, that something super- 
natural has occurred, and that he has been favored with 
intelligence by spiritual agency. 

Are all the cerebral organs liable to stimulation in 
madness, dreaming, drunkenness, Sfc? 

So far as we know they all are ; and there is no obvious 
reason why any of them should be exempted from this law. 

Give a few instances of the stimulation of particular 
organs. 

People who never displayed any talent for poetry, music, 
calculation or eloquence, have exhibited the whole of these 
qualities in considerable perfection during an attack of 
insanity, or even in dreams ; the most chaste have become 
wanton in their conduct, and indecent in their language ; 
the most sedate, witty ; the most prosaic full of imagination. 
Even persons who never before displayed any thing like 
logical power have reasoned profoundly, constituting in- 
stances of what Pine! calls " Folic Raisonnante," or Rea- 
soning Insanity. Such changes undoubtedly arise from 



115 

the particular stimulus which has been communicated to 
the organs of the above faculties. 

How do you account for the fact, that people of talent 
have sometimes small, and dull people large heads ? 

To bestow talent, the intellectual organs only are 
necessary. A person ^may have these well developed, and 
yet the organs of the Propensities and inferior Sentiments 
may be so small, as to cause the head to be below the 
average size. Again, if the former class be small, and the 
latter very large, the head may be one of ample dimensions, 
and yet its owner a most ordinary mortal. Where organs 
not remarkably developed, accompany strong faculties, the 
Temperament and quality of brain must be very superior. 

In a person of talent, would you expect a large intellectual 
development ? 

I would, provided his talent was of a comprehensive 
kind; but it is quite possible to possess a genius for a 
particular thing, and yet have a poor general development 
of the intellectual organs. For instance, he may have 
great talent in calculation, in music, or in scholarship, by 
virtue of large organs of Number, Tune, and Language. 
People are often called clever, from possessing, in great 
perfection, one particular faculty ; and having, what phre- 
nologists would call a poor development of brain, they are 
brought forward as illustrations of the fallacy of the science. 
George III, was called by some people a clever man, 
because he possessed great power of recollecting individuals 
whom he had formerly seen. There was once a man who 
could repeat from memory the whole of the New Testa- 
ment. Many, from hearing of such a prodigy, would 
infer, that he must have been possessed of vast genius, yet 
he was little better than an idiot. 

Has a tall man a larger brain than one of moderate 
stature ? 



116 

A sufficient number of observations are still wanting to 
determine this point satisfactorily ; but it seems probable, 
that the brain of a tall, broad, powerful man is, generally 
speaking, larger than that of a man of an opposite make. 
Large men, however, are usually inferior in intellect and 
energy of character, to the middle-sized, and, ceteris pari- 
bus, are far less likely to possess the same amount of genius 
with the same size of brain — the nervous energy being 
wasted over their unwieldy trunks in the processes of diges- 
tion, assimilation, secretion, &c. G6 

In certain cases of insanity, there is no apparent disease 
of the brain ; how is this reconcileable with phrenology ? 

There may be no apparent, but there must be real dis- 
ease. Facts prove that disease may exist without its being 
possible to ascertain it by dissection. Such is often the 
case in tetanus, tic doloureux, and paralysis, where we can 
generally detect no change whatever in the nerves, the seat 
of these diseases. In like manner, digestion, or the biliary 
secretion, may be disordered, without the concomitance of 
any appreciable change in the stomach and liver ; so it is 
with the brain in what are called mental diseases. One of 
the most distinguished of modern physiologists, Mr Law- 
rence, states, that he has examined the heads of many 



GG If large itkmi have, generally speaking, larger brains than the middle-sized, 
the exceptions to this rule must be very numerous. Gall, Byron, Cuvier, and Na- 
poleon, had very large heads, and none of them exceeded the ordinary size j the 
two latter, indeed, were rather below it. Tho same remark applies to Godwin, 
whose head is of great size. Will) regard to the fact of large bodies being unfavor- 
able to mental activity and power, Spurzheim remarks, that "A large body will 
require the greater part of tho brain and nervous system to bo employed in its 
functions, and there will then remain a small portion for tho manifestations of the 
superior faculties." I may here remark, that whon tho body is growing rapidly, 
tho mind becomes weak, on account of the drafts made upon the brain to affect the 
growth ; in other words, to supply tho nervous onergy necessary for tho proper 
performance of the digestive and assimilalivo functions. 



117 

insane persons after death, and has hardly seen a single 
brain in which there were not obvious marks of disease. 67 

Some people object to the science, because phrenologists 
are unable to shoiu each organ in a detached and separate 
form, instead of homogeneously connected together. What 
do you think of this argument ? 68 

Every sensible person must think it a very absurd one. 
If the purpose of nature had been to settle the doubts of a 
few incredulous individuals, instead of constructing the 
brain after the fashion best adapted for the performance of 
its functions, then, doubtless, she would have mapped off 
the limits of every organ with mathematical nicety and 
distinctness; but it has not pleased her to do this, at 
least, so far as our powers of observation at present 
enable us to discover ; and, accordingly, we must just take 
things as we find them — satisfied, that the animal economy 
exhibits no instance of one organ performing more than 
one function, and that in assigning different functions to 

67 I have stated, for argument's sake, that in certain cases of insanity, there is 
no apparent disease of the brain, but the fact may be doubted. Dr Wright, of the 
Bethlehem Lunatic Asylum, says, that in one hundred cases of insane individuals, 
whose heads he had examined, all exhibited signs of disease, more or less. A 
French writer, who has examined a still greater number, arrives at the same con- 
clusion. Tn short, I believe, that in every case, a skilful person, who is accustomed 
to examine the brains of lunatics, will detect signs of disease. They may be so 
slight as to escape the notice of a common observer, but that they will be manifest 
to the minute, experienced, and talented pathologist, I have no doubt whatever. 

68 Let such objectors point out (as was suggested, in a humorous paper in the 
Phrenological Journal,) where the chin ends, and the cheeks begin, and then we 
shall allow their arguments to possess some force. No human being can point out 
the lire of demarcation which separates those features from the cheeks, yet, I pre- 
sume, every man of sound mind admits the existence of chins, and the possibility 
of telling whether they are large or small. The organs of the brain are not a whit 
more intimately blended together, than is the chin, or even the nose, with the 
cheeks- In looking at a mountain, no person can tell the precise point where it 
commences, and the plain terminates ; still common sense informs us, that there is 
a mountain before us. In looking at the rainbow, or through a prism, we see a 
variety of different colored rays, yet who can define the limits of each ? Though 
perfectly distinct, yet they are blended together in a way that defies the point- 
ing out of their limits. So it is with the organs of the brain, 



118 

different parts of the brain, nature is only following one of 
her own invariable laws. 

How do you reconcile this assertion with the fact, that 
the tongue is a single organ, and yet possesses taste, sensa~ 
tion, and motion, three different functions ? 

There are certainly three functions combined in the 
tongue, but we must consider that each of these is effected 
by means of a distinct organ or nerve. We have thus a 
nerve for taste, one for sensation, and a third for motion — 
so that, strictly speaking, the tongue is not a single organ, 
but combines in itself several, by means of which its varied 
functions are performed. Its different nerves can only 
perform their own functions and no other ; thus, in the 
gustatory nerve, resides the sense of taste alone, not that of 
feeling ; just as, in the brain, the organ of Locality gives us 
perception of places, and not that of music or coloring. 
The fact, therefore, that one organ can perform only one 
function holds as true in the tongue as in the brain ; and 
throughout the whole animal economy it is precisely the 



same 



69 



What is crime ? 

The abuse of certain of the propensities ; thus, theft is 
the abuse of Acquisitiveness, and murder of Destructive- 
ness. 

Wliat is the origin of motives 1 

Motives are desires or inclinations produced by the activity 

G9 Till the discovery of Sir Charles Bell, no person could anatomically de- 
monstrate tlie existence of distinct nerves for motion and sensation. Spur/,. 
helm, judging from analogy, inferred, that there must be separate nerves for 
each of these functions, and urged anatomists to prosecute the subject, and 
endeavor to find them out. Sir Charles Bell was the lucky discoverer. He 
ascertained that the one set of nerves arises from the anterior, and the other 
from the posterior part of the spinal marrow, that they unite almost immedi- 
ately, and are so intimately blended that they cannot be distinguished or 
disentangled. They are, in fact, as completely, to all appearance, incorporated 
as the different parts of the brain, and constitute a texture seemingly even 
more homogeneous than the cerebral mass. 



119 

of the faculties ; and this activity is owing to the excitement 
of the cerebral organs, either constitutional, or the effect of 
external circumstances, or, what is most frequent, arising 
from both. 

Would every man have acted in the same way as the 
murderer Hare did, if placed precisely in the same circum- 
stances ? 

No. Few men could possibly have done so, and none 
unless they had possessed a cerebral organization similar 
to Hare's. No longing for money, no privation, however 
great, could have made thieves or murderers of such men 
as Fenelon, Sir Isaac Newton, Melancthon, or Howard. 

Seeing the natural depravity of Hare, and the way in 
which that depravity was acted upon by strong external 
circumstances, is it right to 'punish such a man for his mis- 
deeds 1 

Undoubtedly. The law itself is a most powerful control- 
ling motive for preventing the perpetration of crime. It is 
equal to a special restraining faculty of the strongest de- 
scription ; and did no law exist, such crimes as he was 
guilty of would be of constant occurrence. A man guilty 
of murder is hanged, both to remove him from the world, 
as a nuisance to society, and to proclaim the fate that will 
befal others who act in the same way. 70 

What is the cause of certain organs being too large or 
too active ? 

This very often arises from infringements of the organic 
laws in marriage. If a man with great Combativeness 
and Destructiveness, marries a woman similarly endowed, 

70 "A vicious man must be restrained as a wild beast for the good oi others, 
although, for auglitwe know, his faults may, like the acts of the beast of prey, 
be chargeable rather on his nature ; and while we feel justified in confining, 
and the culprit is perhaps conscious how richly he deserves his fate, we may 
pity in our hearts, and acknowledge that we ourselves have often been less 
excusable." — Dr. EUiotson. 



120 

their children will probably possess the preponderating 
organs still larger and more active than the parents. The 
activity of the propensities is often increased by drinking, 
and the contamination of bad society; for the same reason 
that the vigor of the reflecting faculties is augmented by 
reading, and other salutary intellectual exercises. 

May deficiency in the size of certain organs be also 
occasioned by infringements of the above laws ? 

Undoubtedly. A man and woman very deficient in 
Conscientiousness, will be apt to produce dishonest child- 
ren. If both'parents have a poor intellectual development, 
their offspring almost always inherit the same, only, in 
most cases, to a worse degree. 

Have the heads of criminals any peculiarity of forma- 
tion ? 

They have, in so far that not an instance can be pointed 
out of a criminal, or notoriously worthless character, having 
such a moral and intellectual development as Melancthon 
or Franklin. In the heads of criminals, there is very gen- 
erally a great predominance of the animal propensities over 
the moral sentiments. Some malefactors, however, are 
drawn into crime more by unfavorable circumstances than 
by natural depravity ; while others, strongly disposed to 
crime, but rather fortunately situated in worldly matters, 
refrain, through dread of the consequences, from commit- 
ting it. 

In some lands, the propensities, moral sentiments, and 
intellect, are pretty null balanced. I \ 'lad character results 
from this combination ? 

It will be good, bad, or indifferent, according to the sit- 
uation in which the individual is pi. iced. If in favorable 
circumstances, well educated, and under the influence of 
good example, he may turn out a very fair member of soci- 
ety ; if exposed to the contaminating influence of vice, he 
will be apt to run into it, and become a rogue. 



121 

From ivhat do such differences proceed? 

From the particular faculties which are most exercised, 
taking the lead. In virtuous society, the higher feelings, 
such as Benevolence, Veneration, and Conscientiousness, 
are cherished, and the lower ones, as Destructiveness, 
Combativeness, and Amativeness, repressed ; whence the 
former, (in a case where both are equally strong by nature,) 
predominate. Reverse the case, and the predominance is 
given to the latter. No good example could ever have 
made a virtuous character of such a man as Bellingham, 
armed, as he was, with an enormous supremacy of the 
lower faculties ; nor could any conceivable familiarity with 
scenes of vice, have made a villain of Fenelon or Howard. 

Is not one faculty modified by the influence of another? 

This is true as respects the result of the faculty, but not 
as respects the force of the faculty itself. For instance, a 
man offends me, and my excited Destructiveness prompts 
me to knock him down, but I am restrained by Cautious- 
ness from so doing. The desire to strike is here no way 
lessened ; in other words, the activity of Destructiveness is 
not abused ; the result to which it would otherwise lead is 
merely modified. 

Is the activity of one organ ever increased by that of 
another ? 

Undoubtedly. If we look at a beautiful child, we expe- 
rience at once kindly feelings towards him, from Ideality 
calling our Benevolence into active operation. If Ideality 
is offended by a loathsome reptile, Destructiveness is ex- 
cited, and we are disposed to trample it under foot, how- 
ever innoxious the creature may be. Conscientiousness, 
offended by false suspicions against one's self, excites De- 
structiveness. Dr Combe suggests, that it is from the 
contiguity of the organs of Adhesiveness, Combativeness, 
and Destructiveness, that domestic dissentions are the 
11 



122 

most bitter and irreconcileable of any. 71 The latter organ 
is violently excited by drinking, which may perhaps be 
explained by its being in the immediate neighborhood of 
Alimentiveness, the organ which is peculiarly excited by 
intoxication. 

What should he the main purposes of education 1 

To cultivate and direct the moral and intellectual facul- 
ties, by means of precept and example, and to repress, as 
much as possible, the undue activity of the lower ieelings. 
In most people, the three classes of faculties are nearly on 
a par, and upon education and example does it greatly 
depend which shall take the lead in life. 

How do you make it appear, that Phrenology is useful 
in education, seeing that it is easy to ascertain a person's 
talents and disposition without the aid <f this science 1 

The greater our knowledge of the mental faculties, the 
more perfectly are we made acquainted with the manner in 
which they ought to be applied. Phrenology gives us this 
knowledge in a way superior to any other, and, therefore, 
must be eminently useful in education. Independently of 
this, talents and dispositions are very far from being so easily 
found out as is commonly imagined ; and whatever tends to 
facilitate their discovery, must be looked upon as a matter 
of high importance. Both these purposes being served by 
phrenology, its uses in education are sufficiently obvious. 72 

71 *' A curious example of the effect of Benevolence in rousing DestructivencBS, 
is furnished by the history of Montliar, a Frenchman, who was so furiously exas- 
perated l>y reading, in early life, accounts of the cruelties of the Spaniards, iu 
America, Hint he joined tin Bucaneers, a body of pirates, long thn scourge of 
navigator* in the West indies. So much and so frequently did this man gall 
the Spaniards, during the whole of Ins lilb, that he acquired from thorn the name 
of ' The Exterminator.' Of course, the independent energy of Ins Destructive- 
nesH itself must have been very great "— Se« an admirable paper by Mr Robert Cox, 
m the Phrenological Journal, vol ix. ]>. 402. 

72 "Those who have so little soul as to a<!< what is I he use of any discovery in 
natur< , may be told, that phrenology is calculated »> assist parents in the choice 
of occupations for their children. And it may be of much service in confirming 



123 

Has the size of the lungs any influence on the brain's 
activity 1 

Doubtless it has. When the lungs are large, the blood 
is more highly vivified, the circulation stronger, and the 
brain nourished more completely than when these organs 
are small. Byron was a middle-sized man, but his lungs 
were gignntic in their proportions, which may, perhaps, 
account in some degree for his astonishing cerebral activity. 
At the same time, it is not to be inferred, that because a 
man's respiratory organs are large, his brain will necessa- 
rily be an active one. All I mean to say is, that — other 
things being equal — a large-lunged man will display a 
greater vigor of mind than one with small lungs. 

Have all kinds of food the same influence on the energy 
of the brain ? 

No. Animal food stimulates the cerebral structure, and 
contributes to its activity much more than vegetable. 

Do phrenologists assign any organ for memory ? 

They do not. Memory is an attribute of all the intel- 
lectual faculties, and not a primitive mental power. If it 
were, a person whose memory was good for one thing, 
should possess it in equal perfection for all ; but this is not 
the case. We meet with people who have great memory 
for words, and an indifferent one for events; who recollect 
localities and forms accurately, but have little power of 
remembering music. This proves, that as memory is not 

6ome moral views which good sense ought, indeed to have suggested. Humility 
and benevolence are two leading duties. If we detect the signs of intellectual 
deficiency and vice in our own heads, we may learn to think humbly of ourselves ; 
and being put in possession of true self-knowledge, endeavor to strengthen what is 
too weak, or repress what is too strong. If we detect the signsof great talents and 
virtues in the heads of others, we may love them the more, as superior and highly 
favored beings ; whereas, if we detect the signs of great virtues and talents in our 
own heads, we may learn to take no praise to ourselves, but be thankful for the 
gift ; and if we detect the signs of intellectual deficiency and vice in others, we 
may learn to pity, rather than to censure." — Dr Elliotsov. 



124 

a separate faculty, it cannot have a special organ. A per- 
son with a good development of Language, has a memory 
or words ; a second, with large Number, for calculation ; a 
third, with large Tune, for music, &c. Thus, memory is 
connected with all the intellectual faculties, and is merely 
one of the modes of their activity. 

What opinion would you form of a 'person who has a 
bad memory ? 

Either that his intellect, wholly or in part, has never 
been cultivated, or that it is naturally very common-place. 
Memory being the manifestation of vigorous faculties, it 
follows, that when it is bad, these faculties must also be 
wanting in energy, either from natural feebleness, or from 
want of exercise. No maxim is more false, than that 
" great wits have short memories." The memory of every 
man of talent is by nature a good one, in matters having 
relation to his talent. If he allows his faculties to rust, by 
not employing them, he has only himself to blame for his 
defective memory. 

Why docs memory so strikingly fail in old age ? 

Because the faculties, of which it is merely the manifesta- 
tion, fail. 

Wliat is the cause of enthusiasm ? 

It may arise from various sources. Thus, when Tune is 
very large and active, the individual is enthusiastic about 
music; when Veneration and Wonder predominate, he is 
an enthusiast in religion ; with Combativeness and De- 
structiveness very largely developed, he may be an enthu- 
siastic soldier or prize-fighter. Ideality gives poetical 
enthusiasm, and also vivifies that arising from the other 
faculties. Large Hope, with small Cautiousness and 
Causality, produce the scheming enthusiast, and so on. 
In all, an active temperament is generally found. 

Give a phrenological explanation (f grief ? 



125 

The faculties are so constituted with relation to external 
objects and occurrences, as to be affected agreeably by- 
some of them, and the reverse by others. Thus, Acquisi- 
tiveness is gratified by pecuniary gain, and annoyed by loss ; 
Adhesiveness delights in the society of a friend, and suffers 
pain at his death. Grief, then, is simply the painful affection 
of these or other faculties, and while the excitement contin- 
ues, no reasoning or consolation is able to root out, the pain- 
ful sensation from the mind. Grief is to Adhesiveness, or 
whatever organ is painfully affected, exactly what toothache 
is to the nerves of the teeth; when the excitement of these 
nerves subsides, so does the pain ; and in like manner, 
when the irritated organs in the brain return to their hab- 
itual condition, the grief will give way to calmness and 
peace. 

What is envy ? 

It is the result of Destructiveness and Self Esteem acting 
in combination, and producing hatred of another's success. 

What is selfishness ? 

The quality of mind resulting from great Acquisitiveness 
and Self-Esteem, with deficient Benevolence. 

Wliat does indolence arise from 1 

From inactivity of brain, either natural to the person, 
and in constant or frequent operation; or accidental, the 
result of indigestion, bad health, or some other temporary 
cause. 

What is the cause of insipidity of character 1 

It is connected with an inert brain and small Destruc- 
tiveness, and is most apt to accompany the Lymphatic 
Temperament. 

What is the phrenological theory of Jealousy ? 

The state of mind is a combination of selfishness with 
suspicion ; that is to say, it proceeds from Self-Esteem, 
11* 



126 

Secretiveness and Cautiousness, in combination with Ac- 
quisitiveness, or some other faculty desiring enjoyment. 
Wliat does hypocrisy result from ? 

From Secretiveness in excess, with deficient Conscien- 
tiousness. To persist in a course of hypocrisy, a great 
deal of Firmness is requisite. 

From what does credulity proceed ? 

It arises, generally, from too much Veneration, Wonder, 
or Hope ; but its direction varies according as one or other 
of these organs is large. Veneration renders people cred- 
ulous with respect to what is affirmed by those whom they 
revere ; Hope with respect to the occurrence of wished for 
events ; and Wonder with respect to whatever is marvel- 
ous or mysterious. Very large Self-Esteem, it may be 
farther observed, disposes a flattered person to credulity, 
by giving him the idea that he really merits the adulation 
bestowed. Credulity is, in a great measure, counteracted 
by a powerful and well instructed understanding. 

What is the cause of incredulity ? 

A deficiency of the organs which dispose to credulity is 
one cause. It may, however, arise in many cases from 
ignorance. Thus, an illiterate clown laughs in your face, 
if you tell him that the earth is shaped like an orange, and 
moves round the sun, or that the stars which we see twink- 
ling in the firmament, are, each of them, a great deal larger 
than the earth, 

Some people arc exceedingly nice, dainty, and finical, in 
all they say or do ; what is the cause of this? 

It probably arises from a great development of Individ- 
uality and Order, particularly where the organs of the 
Reflective Faculties are moderate, and the person is not 
familiar with science, and the more arduous pursuits of 
human life. 

/ Vo/n what do impudence and forwardness proceed ? 



127 

An individual in whom Combativeness and Self-Esteem 
are large, and Secretiveness, Cautiousness, Love of Appro- 
bation, Benevolence, and Conscientiousness moderate, will 
certainly be forward and impudent. Knowledge of the 
world, by teaching the insignificance of self, tends to allay 
impudence. 

What is the cause of frivolity ? 

Frivolity results from a small and very active brain. A 
large brained person may be dull, but he can hardly be 
frivolous. 

What is the cause of presence of mind 1 

Its chief elements are Combativeness, Firmness, Secre- 
tiveness, Self-Esteem, Hope, and probably Individuality. 
The two first give courage and resolution to meet the 
unexpected contingency ; the third enables the person to 
conceal his feelings of alarm or astonishment, if he has 
any ; the fourth and fifth inspire him with confidence, and 
the last communicates quickness of observation, which will 
make him notice every thing at a glance, and thus give 
him an opportunity of promptly encountering whatever may 
occur. 

Religious people are sometimes seized with the idea of 
their extreme unworthiness in the sight of God, and in 
consequence thereof, become exceedingly melancholy , and at 
last deranged. What does this arise from ? 

From great Veneration, and small Hope, and Self-Es- 
teem. If to this combination, there is a large develop- 
ment of Conscientiousness, the person will be apt to ac- 
cuse himself of heinous offences against the Deity ; and, if 
he possesses much Destructiveness, be haunted with the 
idea of eternal punishment. Fanaticism, and every form 
of religious enthusiasm and insanity, are to be traced, with- 
out difficulty, to the immoderate or ill-regulated action of 
some of the organs of the brain. 



128 

Some people acquire knowledge readily, and as readily 
forget it : in others the reverse happens. How do you ex- 
plain such differences ? 

It is believed that they are occasioned by difference of 
quality of the brain, and active Temperament giving quick- 
ness of memory, and an inactive one rendering it. 
ceteris paribus, slow but retentive. The causes, however, 
of these and other differences of memory are still under 
investigation. 

Why are women's prejudices stronger than those of 
men 1 

Partly because in the female brain the Reflective organs 
are smaller, and partly because women mingle less with 
the world, and, therefore, enjoy fewer opportunities of 
having their prepossessions effaced by the friction of soci- 
ety. If men would address themselves more to the intel- 
lect, and less to the vanity of females, the latter would not 
only get rid of many prejudices, but occupy a far higher 
place as intellectual beings than they can possibly do in the 
present constitution of things. 78 Queen Elizabeth, and 
the Catherines of Russia, are striking examples of female 
vigor of intellect ; and the present age boasts of many il- 
lustrious examples, though in a different sphere of life, and 
in a different walk. 

May activity of brain exist without power ? 



73 The present cenUry is more distinguished than any which has proceded it 
for the production of eminent females. Witness Baiilie, Hemans, Bowles, and 
Lnndon, in poetry— Edge worth, Ferriar, and the Porters, in prose fiction — De 
Stael, in political disquisition, and the illustrious name of Pomerville, in the 
physical sciences. Such instances as the two latter, sufficiently demonstrate 
that even in those walks where the male intellect is supposed to he peculiarly 
strong, it may occasionally he rivalled hy that of the other sex ; and that it 
would In? so much ofiener, wore women more favorably circumstanced for the 
development of their energies, can hardly admit of a doubt. Ftill, in a general 
sense, the superior sizo of the male brain will always give that sex a superiority. 



129 

It often does. A small brain, in combination with a 
high Nervous or Sanguine Temperament, will display ac- 
tivity ; but, from its deficient dimensions, power, or inten- 
sity of function, will be wanting. To display the latter 
quality, a large brain is necessary. Dr. Spurzheim was 
of opinion, that length of fibre in the brain produces ac- 
tivity, and that breadth communicates power. 

May a person of common-place talent show power of 
mind ? 

He may, but it will be the power of the propensities, 
and not of the intellect. A dog-fighter or an ignorant 
hackney coachman, may in this sense, be said to show more 
cerebral vigor than a Shakspeare or a Bacon. 

Have all nations the same tendency to emancipate them- 
selves from the bonds of superstition ? 

They have not. Other things, such as education and 
intercourse with other nations being equal, those nations 
in which the Reflective organs exist in greatest perfection, 
will most readily unthrall themselves from superstitious ab- 
surdities. The difficulty of getting quit of them, howev- 
er, must be doubly great, even with good intellect, where 
a large development of Wonder and Veneration is com- 
mon, as is the case with the Hindoos, and other Orientals. 

What nations possess the most intellectual form of 
head ? 

Those, undoubtedly, which are denominated the White, 
or Caucassian variety. Their tendency is constantly to 
progress in refinement, while most other races remain in 
their primitive state of barbarism, or, at most, never go 
much beyond it. If the Negroes, the American Indians, 
the Hottentots, and other savage tribes, had possessed the 
European form of brain, they would have civilized them- 
selves many centuries ago, and been in every respect on a 
par with the Whites. On the contrary, they have done 
nothing for themselves, and the little that has been done 



130 

for them is the work of others. Some of these races are 
so deficient in intellect, that it has been found impractica- 
ble to educate them : such seems to be the case with the 
Aborigines of New Holland, Van Dieman's Land, and 
the United States of America. In the White races, on 
the contrary, placed under the most unfavorable circum- 
stances for moral and intellectual improvement, as in Tur- 
key and modern Greece, we can see the seeds of all the 
noblest faculties of our nature; and no sooner is the dead 
weight of tyranny and superstition which prevents their 
growth removed, than they burst into all the promise of a 
fruitful harvest. The Mongolian form of head has an in- 
tellectual development between that of the Caucassian and 
Ethiopian, and accordingly, we find that some of the na- 
tions which possess it, such as the Chinese and Japanese, 
have made considerable strides in civilization ; but having 
attained this, they continue stationary, as we at present 
find them, and seem incapable of advancing a step further; 
at least, by their own efforts. When the frontal and coro- 
nal regions of the brain are generally well developed in a 
nation, its tendency will be towards intellectual and moral 
pursuits; and unless some strong external counteracting 
agency is at work, the people will speedily become civilized. 
Where the posterior and basilar regions predominate, the 
nation will be governed by the lower propensities, and civ- 
ilization an imperfect process. 

Are any of the loiocr animals gifted with what is called 
reason ? 

Some of them are so, although it is common to deny 
them the possession of this quality. If a dog leaps upon 
a table and is well whipped for the same, why does he cease 
to repeat the offence ? Simply because his reason tells 
him that a repetition of it will lead to a renewed punish- 
ment. As we have already mentioned, the organs of the 
Reflecting faculties are not altogether wanting in some of 



131 

the more sagacious animals. A few of them, indeed, such 
as the dog, the horse, the monkey, and the elephant, pos- 
sess a greater share of intellect than some men. 

Are there any portions of the human brain, which have 
no corresponding portions in the brains of the lower ani- 
mals 1 

There are. The convolutions in which Veneration, 
Wonder, Conscientiousness, and Ideality reside, are pe- 
culiar to the human brain, and so are the organs of the Re- 
flecting faculties, unless, indeed, we except such animals 
as the dog, the monkey, the horse, and the elephant, in 
which the reflecting organs exist to some degree. None 
of the lower animals possess any portion of brain which is 
not enjoyed by man. 

Is not phrenology a difficult science, seeing that it re- 
quires attention to so many circumstances, such as age, 
temperament, health of brain, and education ? 

Phrenology is not difficult to those who will , take the 
trouble of studying it as it ought to be studied ; and even 
if it were difficult, this is no argument against its utility 
and truth. With regard to the number of circumstances 
to which it demands attention, the science is not otherwise 
situated than any other. They are part and parcel of it- 
self; they are certain of the conditions that belong to it : 
and to study phrenology without attending to them, would 
be as absurd as to attempt getting a proper knowledge of 
physiology without anatomy, or of astronomy without math- 
ematics. Phrenology regards not merely the form and size 
of the brain, as is often ignorantly supposed, but also the 
diversified causes which affect its activity and vigor, the 
laws according to which they operate, and, in general, 
every circumstance tendingto influence the mental powers. 74 

74 The opponents of phrenology are continually disregarding these conditions. 
Phrenologists positively declare, that no correct inference can be deduced in cases 
of old age and diseased brain j yet we have lately the skull of Deacon Swift 



132 

Does phrenology lead to any evil consequences as respects 



It interferes with religion in no respect. The Edinburgh 
Phrenological Society was founded by Dr Webb, one of 
the most distinguished ornaments of the Church of Scot- 
land ; and when we consider the number of excellent and 
pious divines, and others, who believe in phrenology, we 
have a pretty conclusive answer to the idle fears of some 
well-meaning people, that this science is dangerous to 
religion. 

Phrenologists make a person's disposition to depend 
upon the shape of his brain. Does 7iot this make man an 
irresponsible being ? 

Phrenology leaves the question of responsibility precisely 
as it found it. No person now pretends that every one is 
by nature, equally talented and virtuous. The Scriptures 
distinctly recognize a difference of moral and intellectual 
gifts, when they announce that, " unto whomsoever much 
is given, of him shall much be required," clearly declaring, 
that God did not make every one alike, and that He would 
exact from us in proportion to the degree with which we 

brought forward as an ovidcnce against the science, in the face of the notorious 
fact, that the Dean died at the age of seventy-eight, had heen subject to loss of 
memory, and frantic fits of passion, eleven years before his death, and that the 
last five years of his life were passed in idiocy. The most amusing thing con- 
nected with such cases is, that phrenologists are accused of always having a loop- 
hole to escape by. If (hoy had made it one of the principles of the science, that 
from an old and diseased drain, it could he inferred what sort of character tlio in- 
dividual possessed in youth and health, and if such a test was, on trial, complete- 
ly to fail, the only inference would he, that the phrenologists were wrong j hut 
when they distinctly state the conditions of the science, what right has any man, 
in testing it , to overlook those conditions, and then set up a cry about loop-holes? 
If a medical man were asked how much laudanum might be safely given loan 
adult, and were to answer, forty drops, would hobo responsible if the person who 
asked him were to give the same quantity to a child, and thus destroy it? As well 

might this person accuse him of getting out hy a loop-hole, when he declared, that 
the dose was ilestinctly mentioned as for an adult, and notfora child. If tho 
opponents of phrenology choose to try this sci"nce hy rules which its professors 
positively renounce, they are acting a part equally illogical and ahsurd. 



133 

were gifted with his bounties— demanding one talent from 
one man, and ten from another. The Scriptures thus point 
out a marked difference of endowment among men, and 
phrenology does no more. For such differences there must 
be some cause, and the science in question ascribes them to 
peculiarities of physical organization in the brain ; but to 
say that this leads to irresponsibility more than any other 
doctrine, which admits of natural differences of mental 
endowment, is to assert a palpable and childish absurdity. 

Seeing that matter is subject to death, phrenology , by 
connecting the mind with it, surely miliiates against the 
doctrine of the soul's immortality 1 

P In reality, it does nothing of the kind. All that phre- 
nologists contend for is, that in the present life, material 
organs are necessary for the mental manifestations, just as 
eyes and ears are necessary for sight and hearing, or a 
stomach for digestion. The opposite doctrine, that in this 
state of being, the mind acts independently of organization, 
does, in reality, militate against the immortality of the soul, 
and degrades the mind to a level with the dust; for it makes 
it a changeable essence, subject to infinite alterations, 
weak and fickle in infancy, strong and vigorous in man- 
hood, imbecile in old age, and not un frequently afflicted 
with idiocy and madness. If an immaterial spirit is liable 
to such changes, why may it not be subject to death itself? 
Those, therefore, who oppose phrenology on the above 
grounds, are casting aside a doctrine which does not bear 
against the immortality of the soul, and blindly grasping at 
one which almost necessarily infers its destructibility. 

Is not madness a disease of the mind ? 

Not, properly speaking, although it is customary so to 
consider it. Madness arises from a distempered state of 
the organic apparatus, by which the mind works ; it is a 
12 



134 

symptom of diseased brain, just as indigestion is of disor- 
dered stomach. Considered as a separate entity, we may 
as well speak of the death of the mind as of its disease. 
In short, we ascribe madness to an unhealthy state of the 
nstrument which the mind makes use of; as in looking 
through a telescope, the glass of which is soiled, we see 
objects obscurely, not from any defect of the objects them- 
selves, but from their being seen through an imperfect 
medium. 

What class of persons are likely to he the bitter enemies 
of phrenology ? 

Those who themselves possess a defective moral or intel- 
lectual development. Some men of great talent and 
perfect integrity, have opposed the science through igno- 
rance, but their opposition, so far from being of an immiti- 
gable character, would disappear at once before the light 
of a proper knowledge of the subject. This has already 
happened in many instances ; and some who formerly ridi- 
culed phrenology as an idle chimera, are now among the 
most able and enthusiastic of its supporters. 
What is the main object of phrenology ? 
This is made sufficiently apparent by the whole tenor of 
the preceding pages, and hardly admits of a condensed 
reply. It may be stated briefly, that the purpose of the 
science is to give man a knowledge of himself, and to point 
out the true method of studying the mind, and of directing 
and applying its energies to proper uses. Phrenology is a 
study which tends eminently to virtue ; in particular it 
teaches toleration and mutual forbearance. By demon- 
strating the natural variety of human dispositions and 
talents, and the innateness of our strongest motives, it 
loudly urges us to judge charitably of the actions of others, 
and to make allowance for their imperfections — to lay upon 



135 

no individual more than he is able to bear, and to desist 
from the mad attempts which have so often been made to 
assimilate to one common standard, the opinions of the 
whole community. On the philosophy of education, and 
on the treatment of criminals and the insane, phrenology 
throws a flood of light. 



APPENDIX 



No. I. 

The relative size of the different organs is designated by 
phrenologists as follows: — 



1. 

2, idiocy. 

3. 

4, very small. 

5. 

6, small. 

7. 



8, rather small. 

9. 

10, moderate. 

11. 

12, rather full. 

13. 

14, full. 

The figure 12, therefore, annexed to the name of an organ, 
signifies that it is rather full, and 19 means that it is between 
"large" and "very large." And so on. 



15. 

16, rather large. 

17. 

18, large. 

19. 

20, very large. 



Noll. 



PHRENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CHARACTER OF GEORGE 
CAMPBELL, EXECUTED FOR MURDER. 

On the 29th of September, 1835, George Campbell was 
executed, at Glasgow, for murder. As the crime was character- 
ized by peculiarly atrocious features, and his conduct on receiv- 
ing sentence, marked by unparalleled ferocity, I was anxious to 
ascertain how far the developments, in a phrenological point of 
view, harmonized with so strongly marked and singular a char- 
acter. Having asked permission of the Magistrates to take a 
cast of his head after death, the request was, in the most liberal 
manner, at once granted, and a cast was accordingly taken. 
On examining this cast, I, as well as every one conversant with 
phrenology, by whom it was seen, perceived at once that it, in a 
most remarkable degree, confirmed the doctrines of Gall. Con- 
ceiving, however, that a previous knowledge of the individual 
might have had some influence in swaying our judgments, and 
making us see a greater analogy between the physical organi- 
zation and the mental character than was actually warranted by 
circumstances, I came to the resolution of sending the cast to 
an eminent phrenologist in Edinburgh, for the purpose of learn- 
ing what inference he — without any bias, and in perfect igno- 
12* 



188 






ranee of the person from whom it was taken — would draw from 
it. To prevent the possibility of any suspicion being roused on 
his part, the cast was forwarded, not to him, but to another 
gentleman, who was requested to deliver it into his hands, with- 
out saying whose head it was, by whom it was sent, or from 
what quarter it came. To make assurance doubly sure, that 
portion of the neck at the angle of the jaw, marked by the 
pressure of the rope, was carefully removed. No external mark 
was thus left to indicate that the person had perished by stran- 
gulation, nor did the countenance display the slightest appear- 
ance of violent death. This fact may be verified by any person 
who chooses to examine the cast. The gentleman to whom it 
was sent performed his part with scrupulous fidelity, and handed 

the cast to the object of its destination. "Mr ," says he, 

" had no information except what he has prefixed to his paper, 
and the knowledge of the fact that the cast was that of a dead 
man." This information refers to the age, temperament and 
education of the criminal, circumstances which must always be 
known before any thing like a just deduction can be drawn. 

Campbell was of Irish parentage. In appearance he was a 
good-looking and rather prepossessing young man. In stature, 
he stood about five feet seven inches, was cleanly made, and 
rather athletic. While very young he entered the army, where 
he remained seven years. Of his general conduct there, I am 
unable to learn any thing that can be depended upon ; suffice it 
to say, he was at one time severely flogged for striking his 
sergeant. On leaving the army, he went to his father's house, 
but soon left it in consequence of some family quarrels. He 
then took up his lodgings with a woman named Hani in, with 
whose daughter (and with the mother also, if accounts can be 
be trusted,) he lived in a state of fornication. Hanlin's house 
was a most abandoned one. Lord MeadoAvbank, one of the 
Judges before whom Campbell was tried, pronounced it with 
great truth and force of language, " a den of infamy, and the 
old woman the presiding demon of the place." It was for mur- 
dering this woman that Campbell paid the forfeit of his life. 
He had frequently threatened to murder her, and one day carried 
his purpose into effect by literally, and in the most determined 
and ferocious manner, trampling her to death. After commit- 
ting this crime, he made no attempt to escape, but went and 
informed the neighbors that the woman had killed herself by 
drinking. He was apprehended, tried and convicted, very much 
to his own astonishment ; and when sentence was passed upon 
him, he burst forth into a volley of imprecations against the 
judges, such as never before polluted a court of justice — threat- 
ening, at the same time, with horrible language, to strike the 
criminal officers who offered to remove him. Those present on 



139 

the occasion describe his conduct as unutterably horrible and 
disgusting-. On being taken to the condemned cell, he seemed 
more attentive to his food than any thing else, complained 
bitterly of the jail allowance, and expressed great satisfaction 
when supplied with food of a better quality. He was grossly 
ignorant, obdurate, and impenitent. The respectable Catholic 
Clergymen by whom he was attended (for he belonged to that 
Church) had great difficulty in making him comprehend almost 
any thing. To the last he denied his guilt. He may have ac- 
knowledged it privately to his confessor, but this, of course, is not 
known. He was vain of his person, and inclined to dress neatly. 
As a proof of this, he devoted a quarter of an hour, immediately 
previous to his execution to curling his hair. On mounting the 
scaffold he displayed wonderful firmness, walking erectly, toss- 
ing his head back in a theatrical manner, and having a bold, 
swaggering appearance. All accounts agree in representing 
his life, so far as it is known, as rude, turbulent and debauched. 
To the young woman with whom he cohabited, he was attached, 
although this did not prevent him from occasionally beating her, 
I suppose, in his drunken fits. The attachment was mutual on 
her part, and remained unweakened, even after he murdered her 
mother ; she visited him in jail subsequent to his condemnation, 
and seemed much affected by his situation. Having made these 
preliminary remarks, let us now turn to the Phrenological Anal- 
ysis. It is as follows, and sufficiently vindicates the skill and 
acumen of the gentleman by whom it was made : — 

Plaster cast — size a little above average — temperament nervous- 
bilious— age 25 — uneducated — dissipated. 

DEVELOPMENT. 

Instinct of food, (Alimentiveness) large, - - 18 

Amativeness, large, - - - 19 

Philoprogenitiveness, very large, - - 20 

Concentrativeness, full, - - - 14 

Adhesiveness, large, - - - 19 

Combativeness, very large, - - - 20 

Destructiveness, very large, - - 20 

Secretiveness, very large, - - - 20 

Acquisitiveness, large, - - - 18 

Constructiveness, small, 8 

Self-Esteem, extra large, - - - 22 

Love of ^Approbation, very large, - - 20 

Cautiousness, rather large, - - - 16 

Benevolence, moderate, - - - - 11 
Veneration, large, ----- 18 

Firmness, very large, - - - - - 20 

Hope, large, 18 



140 

Conscientiousness, rather full, - - - 13 

Wonder, large, ----- 18 

Ideality, moderate, ----- 11 

Wit, moderate, ----- 11 

Imitation, rather full, - - - 12 

INTELLECT. 

Individuality, rather large, - - - - 17 

Form, full, 14 

Size, full, =15 

Weight, full, 14 

Coloring, full, - - - - 14 

Locality, large, - - - - 19 

Number, rather full, - - - - 12 

Order, large, ----- 18 

Eventuality, full, ----- 15 

Time, large, - - - - 19 

Tune, large, ----- 18 

Language, rather large, - - - - 16 

Comparison, moderate, - - - - 10 

Causality, moderate, - - - - 11 

CHARACTER INFERRED. 

I was struck with a resemblance of this cast to that of the 
too famous Thurtell, in the Phrenological Society's collection ; 
only that Thurtell's Benevolence was larger, and his head gen- 
erally larger ; and on turning to the development preserved of 
Thurtell in the Phrenological Journal, vol. I. page 328, (but not 
till I had noted down that of the cast sent me,) I found them to 
agree to a great extent. The individual from whom this cast 
was taken, being uneducated, and having possessed an active 
temperament, would give unrestrained vent to a degree of ani- 
malism and selfishness, which must have rendered him a nui- 
sance to his neighborhood. He has the organization of gross 
sensuality in all its three points. Even when sober, he had a 
tendency to brawling and bullying — a compound of impudent 
assurance, self-conceit, vanity, insolence, tyranny, obstinacy, 
violence, and cruelty ; but, when drunk, a strait-waistcoat, or a 
cell in the police-office, would be absolutely necessary. He 
would be loud, boisterous, opinionative, and contentious, and 
his oaths and imprecations, would be horrible ; while his abuse 
would have in it an energy, malignity, and grossness peculiar- 
ly his own. His selfishness, would be unmitigated ; grasping 
without ever giving, would characterize him. His indifference 
to the misfortunes or sufferings of others would be marked ; 
and scenes of suffering, such as executions, floggings, surgical 
operations, prize and cock-fights, would greatly delight him. 



141 

A single word, which he felt as slighting or ridiculing him, 
would be returned by a blow ; but many an insult he would put 
on others, and in many a brawl he would be engaged. Never- 
theless, he would not expose himself to unnecessary danger, 
but would calculate his adversary's strength before he proceed- 
ed to beat and bruise him or her ; for his utter want ? of refine- 
ment and generosity, would make no difference between sex or 
age, saving always the very young — for the only soft corner of 
his heart seems to have been love of children. He was cun- 
ning, and probably a measureless liar, both in his vain-glorious 
boastings, and for all other selfish ends. He was a plotter and 
manceuverer, but although, from miserable reasoning powers, 
his schemes would be ill-laid, he would have great pride in be- 
ing thought a "deep dog," He was superstitious, a lover of 
the marvelous, and accessible to religious terrors ; a ghost 
would settle him in his most boisterous moments. He would 
court society, and dislike solitude, seeking, of course, to be al- 
ways the cock of the company ; for there would be about him 
a great share of vulgar self-importance. 

The Knowing faculties seem good, and must have given con- 
siderable aptness and quickness. The Locality would give a 
roaming turn, and a knowledge of places. There must have 
been order and arrangement, which might show themselves in 
neatness and tidiness in dress. There is Music, or the love of 
it, strong ; and Time so largely endowed as not only to aid mu- 
sic, but to give the power of telling the hour at any time with- 
out looking at the clock. The Reflecting faculties are very 
poor indeed, which would produce a deficiency in sense, and an 
utter blindness to the simplest consequences. This defect 
would render abortive many a plan to deceive. Gambling and 
betting would have for this unfortunately organized being, pe- 
culiar charms. He loved money, and would not be scrupulous 
about the means of getting it ; while every farthing of it would 
go for selfish and chiefly sensual indulgences. 

The cast appearing to have been taken after death, I asked , 
and was informed that the individual is dead, and " has ceased 
from troubling;" and I congratulate all who knew him, on the 
riddance. I should like to learn how he died ; it could not be 
peacefully in his bed. Query — Was he hanged for beating out 
some one's brains, or otherwise murdering with ruthless bru- 
tality ? 

If such was his fate, I have only to say, that in that enlight- 
ened system of criminal treatment to which the country is com- 
ing, because it must, it needed not to have been so. A Peni- 
tentiary Department will come to be allotted for the constitu- 
tionally violent, brutal, and cruel, who will be put within walls 
for a long course of reformatory education on the first convic- 



142 

tion, by which their dangerous character is clearly proved. In 
a Penitentiary, founded on the humane principle of reformation 
without inflictive vengeance, even such a being as this might 
have been humanized: at least, he would not have been permit- 
ted to annoy and endanger society, by a long course of violence 
— to end, perhaps, in murder. 

REMARKS ON THE FOREGOING, EY R. MACNISH. 

I am doubtful whether Secretiveness and Acquisitiveness are 
so large as is given here. The thickness of the temporal muscle 
not being evident from a cast, has probably led the very able wri- 
ter of the foregoing to over-rate them. He seems also .to have 
made both Time and Tune larger than is justified by the ap- 
pearance of the cast. Some, who have seen the cast, have ob- 
jected that the distance from the ear to Individuality is larger 
than we might have been prepared for; but Phrenologists have 
long ceased to regard that measurement as any indication of 
the power of the intellect. The distance, may be caused by a 
large middle lobe of the brain, as is the case in the present in- 
stance. The proper way to ascertain the point, is to look how 
far forward the interior lobe projects from Constructiveness. 
The great size of Combativeness and Destructiveness(both 20) 
uncontrolled by his Benevolence, (which ranks only so high as 
11,) and called into fierce action by liquor, easily accounts for 
the murder. His astonishment at the verdict of " guilty," prob- 
ably arose from deficiency in the power of understanding the 
force of testimony, owing to the smallness of the Reflecting 
organs. Ignorant people are very apt to indulge in absurd 
hopes. His great Love of Approbation, and his large Order, 
sufficiently explain the foppish freak of arranging his hair in 
curls at such a time, as well as the marked neatness of his dress 
as he appeared upon the scaffold. It is difficult to say what his 
religious feelings might have been, as probably his mind was nev- 
er directed to them till after he was condemned. His denial of 
the crime makes good his claim to the character of a liar. His 
Love of Approbation (20) would induce him to make it appear that 
he was innocent, and his Conscientiousness (only 13) would be 
no match for this strong feeling. The affection of the woman 
for him was very natural. He was a good-looking fellow, and 
was doubtless so much attached to her by his large Adhesive- 
ness as to display affection when in good humor; and when 
strong marks of affection are bestowed on a woman, she is cer- 
tain, in most cases, to return it. The organ on which the In- 
stinct of Food is conceived to depend is as large as 18, which, 
perhaps, may explain his conduct with respect to the jail pro- 
visions, already alluded to, as well as his fondness of liquor. 
His good Time and Tune would probably give him a fondness 



143 

for dancing, for which his figure was well adapted ; but wheth- 
er he really was given to this amusement, I have not been able 
to learn ; that he was so, however, I have very little doubt. 
His great Amativeness (19) was sufficiently apparent in the 
circumstances of his sensual career. 

Altogether the head of this man is such, that no good Phren- 
ologist, would hesitate one moment to say that the lower pro- 
pensities must have been very predominant, prevailing lamen- 
tably over the Intellect and Moral Sentiments. His mode of 
life was extremely unfavorable to the exercise of the two lat- 
ter, and must have tended to give to the first an enormous pre- 
ponderance. Ignorance and dissipation acting together on such 
a mind, could hardly lead to any other result than the gallows. 
The analysis, to which I have ventured to prefix these observa- 
tions, will speak for itself. It is, perhaps, one of the most skil- 
ful displays of phrenological acumen of which we have any re- 
cord, and speaks volumes for the science. Wherever the man's 
character was known, the inference accords most minutely with 
it; and there is every reason to suppose, that, were those points 
cleared up, of .which we are still ignorant, the correspondence 
between them and the deduction would not be less striking. 
The concluding paragraph of the analysis is most important, 
and well worthy the attention of legislators. 



No. III. 



ANOTHER CASE IN WHICH NATURAL DISPOSITIONS AND TAL- 
ENTS WERE INFERRED FROM THE CAST OF A HEAD. 

About four years ago, a cast of a head was sent to Mr Combe, 
by a gentleman residing at a considerable distance from 
Edinburgh, with a letter expressing " a strong curiosity to know 
what idea you will form of the party, without any previous hint 
of his character, and merely by examining his head. I may 
mention simply," continues the writer of the letter, " that the 
head is that of an uneducated person. If you will be so good 
as to write me what you think, I shall return you an answer at 
length, stating, as fully as I can, what I conceive to be the real 
character, intellectual and moral, of the individual. Of this 
man I can speak minutely. He is a very marked character ; 
and, so far as I know Phrenology, his head is a complete index 
of himself." No other particulars were furnished. 

Mr Combe's engagements preventing him from undertaking 
this task, he put the cast into the hands of Mr James Simpson, 
who examined it carefully, and drew out the following docu- 
ment. 



144 

Cttst of the head of an uneducated man, seemingly under middle 

life — general size of head very large — temperament not discov- 
erable from the cast. 

MEASUREMENT. 

From spinal process of occipital bone to Individuality, 8| 

Concentrativeness to Comparison, 8 

Hole of ear to occipital spine, - - - - 4£ 

Do. to Individuality, 5£ 

Do. to Firmness, - - - - 6f 

Destructiveness to Destructiveness, 6 

Secretiveness to Secretiveness, - - - 6J 

Cautiousness to Cautiousness, - - - 6 

Ideality to Ideality, 4| 

Constructiveness to Constructiveness, - 5^ 

Philoprogenitiveness to Individuality, - - 8f 

Anterior lobe of the brain, rather large. 

Portion of brain above Cautiousness, moderate. 
Do. above Causality, moderate. 

DEVELOPMENT. 

Amativeness, large, - - - - - 19 

Philoprogenitiveness, very large, 20 

Concentrativeness, large, - - - - 19 

Adhesiveness, large, 18 

Combativeness, large, - - - - 18 

Destructiveness, large, 18 

Secretiveness, large, - - - - - 19 

Acquisitiveness, large, 19 

Constructiveness, full, - - - - 14 

Self-Esteem, very large, 20 

Love of Approbation, rather large, - - 16 

Cautiousness, rather large, 16 

Benevolence, moderate, - - - - 10 

Veneration, full, 14 

Firmness, large, ------ 19 

Conscientiousness, moderate, 10 

Hope, full, 14 

Wonder, full, 14 

Ideality, rather full, 12 

Wit, rather full, 12 

Imitation, full, ------ 15 

Individuality, large, ----- 18 

Form, rather large, 16 

Size, full, 14 

Weight, moderate, 11 

Coloring, small, ------ 7 

Locality, rather large, 17 



145 

Number, rather small, ----- 8 

Order, rather small, - - - - 6 

Eventuality, rather large, 17 

Time, rather large, ----- 16 

Tune, rather full, 13 

Language, moderate, 10 

Comparison full, _____ 14 

Causality, full, ------ 14 

INFERENCES. 

Mr says he knows this individual well. I fear that 

if he has had much to do with him, he knows him too well. 
His enormous head must give him great power of character, and 
I wish I could say that that power is all in the direction of good. 
Without education, and, of course, in inferior society, I could 
not answer for this individual not running headlong into the 
coarsest vicious indulgences. The animal endowment is ex- 
cessive ; and although the intellectual is very considerable, the 
moral is sadly deficient. The Amativeness is very great, and 
it is scarcely to be expected that it has been restrained from 
coarse and selfish indulgence. The individual may have mar- 
ried, and may have continued in the state, as well as entered in- 
to it, and loved wife and children, (the latter passionately ;) but 
he would usually be a harsh and tyrannical head of a family. 
He is loud, domineering, and assuming*, and probably abusive 
and imprecatory. He is deficient in kindness and mildness. 
His haughty and assuming character will likewise mark him out 
of doors ; and his pride, obstinacy, opinionativeness, touchiness, 
resentfulness, and violence, must have involved him in many a 
quarrel and brawl. He must be tremendous when drunk. He 
has a prodigious conceit of himself; and although he is not in- 
different to the praise of others (which, however, he seldom 
gets,) he snaps his fingers at the opinion of others when against 
him. His character is intensely selfish. There is much savoir 
/aire, amounting even to cunning and hypocrisy. He is proud 
of being thought deep, studies the weak side of those with 
whom he deals, drives a hard and knowing bargain, gives truth 
to the winds, and glories in taking his merchant at disadvant- 
age. He loves money, and grasps it so hard that it is difficult 
to get it out of his clutches for his just debts. His perceptions 
of justice are so feeble, that he will consider justice, if direct- 
ed against himself, as injustice, and even injury. His money 
will all go for his own animal indulgences, even to the neglect 
of his family, when he is pinched. Charity or benevolence 
never drew sixpence from him. If he can both enjoy sensual- 
ity and hoard money, he will do both. He possesses very con- 
siderable intellectual powers, which will be directed steadily in 
13 



146 

the service of his propensities and selfishness. If he has fail- 
ed to make money in a coarse and plentiful way, it must pro- 
ceed from his deficient Conscientiousness affecting his credit. 
His intellectual manifestations are coarse and inelegant, but 
they have considerable vigor. He is shrewd, observing, re- 
membering, and sagacious, with a great power of concentrative 
application of mind to his purpose. He might succeed as a 
draughtsman or surveyor, but does not seem to have any me- 
chanical genius about him. He is probably an indifferent work- 
man with his hands, except in fighting. His head is his imple- 
ment. 1 should expect to find him unpunctual, disorderly, slov- 
enly, and dirty. He would have figured as a warrior or ma- 
rauder in barbarous times ; force is his engine, and he possesses 
great power of character to wield it. He is not insensible to 
religious impressions, if they were ever pressed home upon 
him ; but his religion will be abject and selfish, and any thing 
but the practical morality of Christianity. 

This individual could not match shades of color. 

P. S. — On reflecting on the foregoing character, it has oc- 
curred that, although all that has been said is in the man's na- 
ture, his Secretivtness and Intellect directing his own interest, 
may have prevented so broad a manifestation of it as to be gen- 
erally recognised ; or by any but those who have seen him long, 
closely, and intimately. J. S. 



An account of the individual was subsequently drawn up by 
the gentleman who had sent the cast. It is as follows : — 

Character of the uneducated man, deduced from a long and inti- 
mate knowledge of the individual. 

I have had many opportunities of knowing well the charac- 
ter of this individual, which I have made a point of studying 
minutely, both as a matter of curiosity, and as an interesting 
subject of philosophical speculation. He is a native ol Wales, 
and thirty-two years of age ; he stands six feet high, and is 
very strongly made. I am not well versed in the doctrine of 
temperaments ; but if there be such a temperament as the 
sanguineo -melancholic, I should say it is his. Though perfect- 
ly illiterate, and ignorant upon almost every subject, there is 
something about the man which makes it impossible for any 
body to despise him. Taken individually, all his qualifications 
are despicable, yet, considered in the aggregate, they are of 
that character which renders it difficult to view him contemptu- 
ously. His temper is decidedly bad ; it is not merely quick, 
but obdurate and sour ; and if lie once conceives a dislike to 
any one, it is almost impossible to remove it. He is extremely 



147 

jealous, pettish, and suspicious, and cannot tolerate quizzery of 
any description. At the same time, althought on some points it 
is not difficult to play upon him, yet he has such an immense 
opinion of his own penetration, that he conceives no man could 
attempt such a step without being- instantly detected. Any 
opinion which he may form he views as infallable, and all the 
evidence in existence will not make him abandon it. I have 
no doubt whatever, from what I have seen and known, that he is 
tyrannical and domineering-. He is also very quarrelsome, so 
much so that it is disagreeable to walk on the streets with him, 
Jest he gets involved in a scrape. He has no idea of accomo- 
dating- himself to others, but goes doggedly along, pushing aside 
those who are not exactly disposed to get out of his way. He 
is a capital pugilist. The science of boxing he has studied in- 
defatigably, — not, as it occurs to me, as an exercise, but to 
render himself formidable. The consequence is, that he has 
got into fifty rows ; and if, at any time, you meet him, the 
chances are that his eyes are either in mourning from blows 
received, or his knuckles injured from the punishment given to 
his antagonist. His habits are altogether of a low order. He 
has no fondness for, but rather an aversion to, elegant and vir- 
tuous female society ; and his associates are mostly prize-fight- 
ers, and sporting characters generally. With regard to his 
amative propensity, every body acquainted with him knows that 
it is very great; he is, in fact, the slave of that feeling, and 
never speaks of a woman except in an animal point of view. 
I think I may safely say that I never knew a person so perfectly 
indifferent to poetry, painting, fine scenery, and every thing 
beautiful in the material world. It is certain that the Cowgate, 
or Wapping, would excite about as much of the sublime in his 
mind as Glencoe, or the Vale of Chamouni. If people in his 
company begin to speak of such subjects and show any rap- 
ture, he gets gloomy and irritated, pronounces the conversa- 
tion "d d stuff," and, unless it be abandoned he leaves 

the room. On the contrary, get upon fighting, and, like the 
%var-horse, his eye instantly lightens up — he becomes the cock 
of the company, and describes, with intense delight, the many 
brawls he has been in, — shows how he pounded this man and 
that man, and exemplifies, in the most graphic manner imagin- 
able, all the different details of a fight. Indeed, his stories on 
such subjects are master-pieces in their way. They abound in 
details, — are astonishingly circumstantial ; and if he tells the 
story fifty times, it never varies. I have no doubt whatever, 
that many of his alleged exploits are mere lies ; but they are 
certainly the best put-together ones I ever listened to, and look 
prodigiously like truth. In fact, their excessive circumstan- 
tiality and detail, and the unvarying way in which he tells them 



148 

long imposed upon me, and convinced me that, in spite of their 
improbability, they must be true, till I ascertained from unques- 
tionable evidence that some of them, at least, were merely in- 
genious fabrications, got up for the purpose of aggrandizing 
himself. 

He is very fond of praise, especially of his person, which he 
considers faultless. This, indeed, is the only vulnerable point 
about him, and if the thing is done judiciously, he will swallow 
a most enormous dose ; but if he once supposes they are quiz- 
zing him, it will require no small restraint to prevent him from 
inflicting summary punishment on the quizzer. His great ambi- 
tion is to be a first rate boxer, or possess great strength ; and 
so strong is the feeling, that if the choice were given him of 
being able to write Paradise Lost, or beat Jem Ward, there is 
no doubt he would fix upon the latter. Literature and literary 
men he views with great contempt. He says, that if he had 
received a proper education, and possessed the same advantages 
as other people, he could have written as good works as any 
man that ever lived. With all this he lias no love whatever for 
reading. Indeed, he confesses — I sincerely believe for the 
purpose of making his natural genius appear more extraordina- 
ry — that he never read a volume in all his life ; a fact which I 
perfectly credit. The only reading he ever indulges in, is the 
account of the prize-fights in Bell's Life in London. 

One strong feature in his character is a total want of punctu- 
ality. When he makes an appointment it is the merest chance 
in the world if he keeps it. Indeed, he does not seem to think 
there is the slightest impropriety in violating such engagements. 
He is also slovenly in his dress, and altogether what you wauld 
call a careless, reckless sort of being. 

So far as I know the man, I should say that his character is 
greatly deficient in philanthropy. He is disposed to take harsh 
views of things, and judge people's actions uncharitably. When 
offended at any one, he is also prone to curse at him and abuse 
him without mercy. Indeed, the whole texture of his mind is 
singularly inelegant ; and I do not believe, that under any sys- 
tem of education, it would be possible to have made him, in 
manners or conversation, a suitable companion for well bred 
people. 

With regard to his conscientiousness, I really am at loss 
what to say. For the first six years of my acquaintance with 
him, I considered him the most simple-minded and honest of 
human beings, and for any thing- I can prove to the contrary, I 
might consider him so still ; but I must say candidly, that some 
reports got into circulation against him in 1829, any thing but 
creditable to his honesty. He was accused (with what truth I 
know not) of having appropriated sums of money which did not 



149 

belong to him; and a stigma was attached to his character on 
this account, which I sincerely hope, and almost believe, is false, 
but which many persons affirm to be too true. This is all I can 
say. Be the matter as it may, it has done him great injury, and 
prevented him ever since from getting respectable employment. 

I have spoken of his want of punctuality. This irregular 
propensity is manifested in the preference he gives to dining in 
chop-houses to doing so in his own house, and in his fondness 
for late hours. Indeed, he is exceedingly unsystematic, though 
both shrewd, observant, and sagacious. He seems, in an argu- 
ment, to be quite incapable to proceeding upon general prin- 
ciples ; and although he will never strike his own colors, he 
invariably mystifies and tires out his opponents. 

He is ambitious of being thought formidable in drinking and 
eating. I have heard him boast before ladies, of the quantity of 
porter he could drink, and beef-steaks he could consume. He 
is exceedingly pleased when any one compliments him on his 
amative powers, and, in short, swallows with avidity whatever 
tends to exalt him in the scale of manhood. The only intel- 
lectual quality which he is vain of having imputed to him is his 
great penetration, and his talents for argument. He alleges, 
that were he better educated, he would be quite invincible at 
the latter accomplishment. 

I think he has some mimicry about him, but it is all of the low 
kind. I have seen him takeoff some of his acquaintances pretty 
adroitly. He has also a fondness for vulgar jokes. For in- 
stance, I have seen him get hold of some half-cracked creature, 
and try how many pies he could eat — he himself laughing heart- 
ily, and enjoying the exhibition with great delight. I recollect 
of him getting a couple of fellows to try which of them would 
eat most rapidly a quantity of hot porridge, the winner to get 
five shillings for his performance. On another occasion he 
promised a carter two shillings if he would drink off half a 
gallon of small beer. 

With regard to his love of money, I am at a loss what to say. 
Any time that 1 have seen him spend money, it always occurred 
to me as if it were done more out of pure spirit of ostentation 
than from liberality. Others have frequently made the same 
remark. I cannot bring myself to say that any particular fond- 
ness for the acquisition of wealth on his part ever occurred to 
me ; but on this point I am not competent to speak. Of one thingj 
however, I am certain, that most of the money he lays out is 
expended in the bagnio, the chop-house, or among the pugilists. 
He spends little in clothing, and I believe never purchased a 
book in his lifetime. 

I cannot speak of his religious feelings. I never saw any 
exhibited ; but he has been most unfavorably situated for their 

13* 



ISO 

manifestation. If he once took it into his head to be religious, 
he would be such a saint as Louis XL or Catherine of Medicis. 
In short, he is a man who may be persuaded into a thing by 
flattery, but it is impossible to make him move a step by any 
other consideration. His obstinacy is very great, and proof 
against almost any thing. If he were in a station where he had 
plenty of scope and little restraint, I think he would be extremely 
tyrannical' and fond of inflicting punishment. I have often 
heard him express great rage against Colonel Brereton for not 
sabring the people at Bristol, and swear that if he had had the 
command on that occasion, he would have slaughtered them by 
hundreds. This I believe firmly he would not scruple to do in 
such circumstances. If he took a fancy for a person, and that 
person did exactly as he wished, I think he would sacrifice life 
and limb to serve him ; but the slightest symptom of the indi- 
vidual acting independently and thinking for himself, would 
make him cast him off. With regard to his love of children, I 
should think it considerable. At least children — with the ex- 
ception of his three brothers to whom he is very much attached — 
are the only people towards whom I ever observed him to take 
a fancy. His letters are stiff, and indicate a deficient command 
of language ; though in his capacity of a clerk he had plenty of 
experience in letter writing. His arithmetical powers are not 
great. I should think them below par. That he would be 
intensely litigious it is impossible to doubt. The expression of 
his face is sinister and gloomy, and indicates dogged determina- 
tion, and great want of mental flexibility. 

Remarks by mr simpson on the preceding account. 

This character is substantially the same as that transmitted 

to . To the postscript of the latter it gives great value. 

In spite of six years' intimate acquaintance with and minute 
study of, this singular person, Mr did not know an impor- 
tant feature in his character — his deficient Conscientiousness, 
but had it only from reports. Yet he narrates several traits 
quite inconsistent with Conscientiousness, although he himself 
does not appear to know how they bear. 



No. IV. 



Cases of simultaneous change of character and form 

OF HEAD. 

(From the Phrenological Journal, Vol. viii. p. 373.,) 
Mr Deville, as is generally known, has collected several 
series of casts of the heads of the same individuals, taken at 
different periods of their lives; and he states that his observa- 
tions have gone to prove that the form of the head is capable 



151 

of being changed by education and alteration of circumstances; 
and that the change takes place in the situation of those organs 
of which the sphere of activity is increased or diminished. The 
subject is important, and one which has not received all the 
attention which it deserves ; and it is chiefly with the view of 
exciting phrenologists to make observations whenever opportu- 
nities may occur, that we subjoin a brief account of two cases, 
contained in a letter which we received last year from Mr De- 
ville. 

About four and a half years ago, Mr Dcville took a cast of 
the head of a gentleman, then thirty two years old, and a second 
cast when he was at the age of thirty-six. For three or four 
years previously to taking the first cast, this gentleman was 
very fond of hoarding money, and his desire of accumulating 
had rendered him so penurious and unhappy, that, though his 
property was considerable, his friends were afraid of his becom- 
ing insane, from the sheer dread of being reduced to beggary. 
They endeavored to reason him out of his feeling, and sent 
him abroad with a gentleman, by whose attention and kindness 
he completely overcame the propensity, and made some progress 
in the study of the classics and of music. Mr Deville states, 
that upon measuring and comparing the two casts, he found the 
head to have considerably increased in size at the situation of 
the organs of Benevolence, Ideality, and the Reflecting Facul- 
ties. "I have," he adds, "two well authenticated casts of a 
great artist, whose life is well known. The first is a mask taken 
in 1792, when he was about forty-five years of age ; the other a 
cast of his head taken after death, in 1816. Now, it is well 
known that he became a hoarder and groveller after money du- 
ring the last fifteen or twenty years of his life ; nay, he became 
miserable from fear of coming to want, though he possessed 
extensive property, besides his pictures, which were of great 
value. Now, upon applying the callipers at Acquisitiveness, 
the second cast is found to be nearly four-eighths of an inch 
broader than that taken in 1792, while at the same time its 
height has diminished ; it has become flatter at Benevolence 
and wider at Acquisitiveness. To some this may appear extra- 
ordinary, and had I known only a single instance I should have 
been silent ; but as I have now between fifty and sixty cases of 
alteration of the form of the skull, accompanied by change of 
character, the subject assumes an important character, and calls 
to the extensive investigation." 

We state these cases on the authority of Mr Deville, for the 
the purpose of calling attention to the subject ; but we consider 
it to be attended with much difficulty. Analogy warrants us in 
believing, that while growth is still in progress, regular exercise 
of the mental organs will favor their development ; and also 



152 

that long disuse at any period of life, will be accompanied with 
loss of size and vigor; but we do not know that analogy war- 
rants us in expecting that, after full maturity is attained, exer- 
cise will not only strengthen mental organs, but cause them to 
enlarge their size by means of new and additional growth. 
Nature appears to set limits to the size of organs, both of mind 
and body, which no human means yet known can enlarge ; a 
man naturally slender in bones and muscles may, by exercise, 
bring these parts into the best condition which their constitution 
will admit of; but we do not know any good authority for be- 
lieving that he may render himself powerful and athletic by his 
own exertions. In like manner, the law of nature seems to be 
that a young lady, while still growing, may by exercising the 
organs of Time and Tune, for example, favor their development, 
and carry them to the highest point of perfection in size and 
activity which their inherent constitution will permit ; but that 
she cannot cause them to increase indefinitely, otherwise we 
should see no examples of perseverance failing in its reward, 
which it unfortunately does, when exercised in opposition to 
nature. Experience, however, alone can determine. 



No. V. 



At page 122, I have quoted an extract from a paper by Mr 
Robert Cox, in the 9th volume of the Phrenological Journal. It 
is entitled " Observations on the Mutual Influence of the Mental 
Faculties," and contains some very luminous and novel views 
on the subject. From this interesting article I copy the follow- 
ing remarks : — 

"Of all the causes which excite Destructiveness, the disagree- 
able activity of Self-Esteem is the most frequent and powerful ; 
and, indeed, there are few occasions on which it does not par- 
take in the suffering produced by offence of the other faculties. 
For 'contempt is that which putteth an edge upon anger, as 
much or more than the hurt itself; and, therefore, when men 
are ingenious in picking out circumstances of contempt, they 
do kindle their anger much.' Self-Esteem, when ill-regulated, 
makes individuals prefer themselves to every other person, and 
gives them a tendency to engross as much as possible the 
sources of happiness for their own peculiar advantage. Such 
men arc therefore offended when they see other people either 
enjoying gratifications in which they have not the <xood fortune 
to partake — the mode of activity of Self-Esteem being in thi3 
case denominated envy, or grasping at what they themselves 
are desirous to obtain, whereby the emotion of jealousy is pro- 
duced. The occasions which give birth to envy and jealousy, 
vary according to the faculties which happen to be, along with 
Self-Estccm, energetic. Thus, an unmarried lady, possessing 



153 

large organs of the domestic affections, combined with a great 
development of Self-Esteem, will be exceedingly apt to envy 
such of her acquaintenances as are happily married and sur- 
rounded by a promising and healthy family ; while she will 
harbor jealousy towards any one who endeavors to secure the 
affections of the man whose love she desires for herself. A 
self-esteeming and acquisitive individual competing for a lucra- 
tive office, is jealous of his rival; and, after failing in the pur- 
suit, regards him with envy. This pain of Self-Esteem renders 
him maliciously disposed towards the fortunate candidate; he 
bears a grudge against him, rejoices in his misfortunes, and lets 
slip no opportunity of blasting his reputation. In the case here 
supposed, there is added to envy the emotion of hatred, which 
is a compound of the painful emotion of Self-Esteem, or of 
some other faculty, with the propensity to injure or destroy." 

"The weapons by which Love of Approbation is vulnerable, 
are slander, ridicule, and the expression of displeasure ; and it 
is hardly necessary to say that these have a strong tendency to 
excite a desire to injure the person from whom they proceed. 
Disappointment of this feeling has a similar effect. A man 
who is quashed where he intends to make a splendid figure, 
seldom fails to bear a grudge against the person by whom he is 
annihilated. When both Self-Esteem and Love of Approbation 
are powerful — as they were in Bonaparte, for example — there 
is a desire not merely to be applauded and admired, but to be the 
grand and prominent object of applause and admiration — to walk, 
in short, ' the sole hero upon the stage ' Such a man is there- 
fore jealous of all whom he suspects of aiming at a share of the 
eclat, and envies and hates them when they get more than he. 
Robert Burns used to be grievously offended and irritated, when 
not made the lion of the company in which he was present. 
The noted case of David and Saul furnishes another good illus- 
tration. When the virgins, in celebrating their exploits, pro-, 
claimed that ' Saul had slain his thousands, and David his ten 
thousands,' the king, we are told, ' was very wroth, and the 
saying displeased him ; and Saul eyed David from that day and 
forward.' An army which has been mortified and disgraced by 
defeat at the hands of an enemy before regarded with contempt, 
is apt to be extremely ferocious when at length a victory is gain- 
ed. The conduct of the Duke of Cumberland's troops in the 
Highlands of Scotland, after the battle of Culloden, illustrates 
this remark. General Hawley, in particular, whose arrogance 
seems to have exceeded even his folly, was ? one of the most 
remorseless of all the commanding officers; apparently thinking 
no extent of cruelty a sufficient compensation for his Joss of 
honor at Falkirk.'" 



154 

"It is curious, and to some may appear paradoxical, that even 
Benevolence can act as a direct stimulus to Destructiveness. 
Its disagreeable excitement occurs when we witness the inflic- 
tion of pain, and is called pity or compassion. The benevolent 
man, whose Destructiveness is powerful, has, in such cases, a 
vivid inclination to bestow summary chastisement on the in- 
flictor. This is well exemplified by the incident which gave 
occasion to the maledictory poem of Burns, written on seeing a 
wounded hare pass by, and in which are embodied, in nearly 
equal proportions, compassion for the hare, and curses on the 
man who had wounded it. So enraged was the poet, that he 
threatened to throw the sportsman into a neighboring river. In 
like manner, when a crime of great atrocity is perpetrated 
against any individual, the anger is not confined to the sufferer 
alone. 'There rises,' says Dr Brown, ' in the mind of others, 
an emotion, not so vivid perhaps, but of the same kind, involving 
the same instant dislike of the injurer, and followed by the same 
eager desire for punishment of the atrocious offence. In peri- 
ods of revolutionary tumult, when the passions of a mob, and 
even, in many instances, their most virtuous passions, are the 
dreadful instruments of which the crafty avail themselves, how 
powerfully is this influence of indignation exemplified in the 
impetuosity of their vengeance ! Indignation is then truly 
anger. The demagogue has only to circulate some tale of 
oppression ; and each rushes almost instantly to the punishment 
of a crime, in which, though the injury had actually been com- 
mitted he had no personal interest, but which is felt by each as 
a crime against himself.' " 

" The offence which impiety, real or imagined, gives to Ven- 
eration, is not slow in calling Destructiveness into exercise." 
"The Crusades will readily occur to the reader as exhibiting a 
fearful ebullition of Destructiveness excited through the medium 
of Veneration." 



No. VI. 

CLASSIFICATION OF THE MENTAL FACULTIES ACCORDING TO 
BPURZHEIH. 

ORDER I.— FEELINGS OR AFFECTIVE FACULTIES. 

GENUS I. — PROPENSITIES. 

f Vitativeness. 5 Inhabitativeness. 

' Alimentiveness. G Combativeness. 

1 Destructiveness. 7 Secretiveness. 

2 Amativeness. B Acquisitiveness. 
.'J Philoprogcnitiveness. 9 Constructiveness. 
) Adhesiveness. 



155 



GENUS II. — SENTIMENTS. 

1. Inferior sentiments common to man and the lower animals, 

10 Cautiousness. 12 Self-Esteem. 

11 Approbativeness. 

2. Superior sentiment common to man and the lower animals, 

13 Benevolence. 

3. Superior sentiments proper to man. 

14 Reverence. 18 Marvelousness. 

15 Firmness. 19 Ideality. 

16 Conscientiousness. 20 Mirthfumesss. 

17 Hope. 21 Imitation. 

ORDER II.— INTELLECTUAL FACULTIES. 

GENUS I. — EXTERNAL SENSES. 

Voluntary motion. Smell. 

Feeling. Hearing". 

Taste. Sight. 

GENUS II. — PERCEPTIVE FACULTIES. 

1. Intellectual faculties ivhich 'perceive the existence of external 
objects and their physical qualities. 

22 Individuality. 25 Weight and Resistance. 

23 Configuration. 26 Coloring. 

24 Size. 

2. Intellectual faculties ivhich perceive the relations of external 
objects. 

27 Locality. 31 Time. 

28 Order. 32 Tune. 

29 Calculation. 33 Artificial Language. 

30 Eventuality. 

GENUS III. — REFLECTIVE FACULTIES. 

34 Comparison. 35 Causality. 






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